This file is freely available for download at http://www.etnolinguistica.org/illa This book is freely available for download at http://www.etnolinguistica.org/illa References: Crevels, Mily, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira & Hein van der Voort (eds.). 2002. Current Studies on South American Languages, [Indigenous Languages of Latin America (ILLA), vol. 3], [CNWS publications, vol. 114], Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), vi + 344 pp. (ISBN 90-5789-076-3) CURRENT STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN LANGUAGES INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF LATIN AMERICA (ILLA) This series, entitled Indigenous Languages of Latin America, is a result of the collaboration between the CNWS research group of Amerindian Studies and the Spinoza research program Lexicon and Syntax, and it will function as an outlet for publications related to the research program. LENGUAS INDÍGENAS DE AMÉRICA LATINA (ILLA) La serie Lenguas Indígenas de América Latina es el resultado de la colabora- ción entre el equipo de investigación CNWS de estudios americanos y el programa de investigación Spinoza denominado Léxico y Sintaxis. Dicha serie tiene como objetivo publicar los trabajos que se lleven a cabo dentro de ambos programas de investigación. Board of advisors / Consejo asesor: Willem Adelaar (Universiteit Leiden) Eithne Carlin (Universiteit Leiden) Pieter Muysken (Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen) Leo Wetzels (Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) Series editors / Editores de la serie: Mily Crevels (Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen) Simon van de Kerke (Universiteit Leiden) Hein van der Voort (Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen) The word illa means ‘amulet’ in Aymara and Quechua. INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF LATIN AMERICA (ILLA) 3 CURRENT STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN LANGUAGES Contribuciones seleccionadas del 50 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas en Varsovia y del Taller Spinoza de Lenguas Amerindias en Leiden, 2000 Selected papers from the 50th International Congress of Americanists in Warsaw and the Spinoza Workshop on Amerindian Languages in Leiden, 2000 Edited by Mily Crevels Simon van de Kerke Sérgio Meira Hein van der Voort Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS) Universiteit Leiden The Netherlands 2002 This file is freely available for download at http://www.etnolinguistica.org/illa CNWS PUBLICATIONS Vol. 114 Indigenous Languages of Latin America (ILLA), Vol. 3 CNWS PUBLICATIONS is a series produced by the Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), Leiden University, The Netherlands. Editorial board: F. Asselbergs; M. Forrer; F. Hüsken; K. Jongeling; H. Maier; P. Silva; B. Walraven All correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. W.J. Vogelsang, CNWS Publications, c/o Research School CNWS, Leiden University, PO Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Tel. +31 (0)71 5272171 Fax. +31 (0)71 5272939 Current studies on South American languages Current studies on South American languages; edited by Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sérgio Meira and Hein van der Voort - Leiden 2002: Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), Universiteit Leiden. CNWS Publications, Vol. 114, ISSN 1567-813X) ISBN: 90-5789-076-3 Printing: Ridderprint, Ridderkerk Front cover design: Nelleke Oosten. Illustration shows members of the Chono family from San Juan de Kelekelera, browsing through the primer of the Leko language that was written and distributed among them by Simon van de Kerke in July 2000. Theodoro Chono, one of the youngest semi-speakers of Leko, is sitting in the middle. © Copyright 2002 Research School CNWS, Leiden University, The Netherlands Copyright reserved. Subject to the exceptions provided for by law, no part of this publication may be reproduced and/or published in print, by photocopying, on microfilm or in any other way without the written consent of the copyright-holder(s); the same applies to whole or partial adaptations. The publisher retains the sole right to collect from third parties fees in respect of copying and/or take legal or other action for this purpose. CONTENTS The editors 1 Introduction Sociolinguistics and history of the field Mily Crevels (L) 9 Why speakers shift and languages die: An account of language death in Amazonian Bolivia Wolf Dietrich (W) 31 Guaraní criollo y guaraní étnico en Paraguay, Argentina y Brasil Sieglinde Falkinger (L) 43 Diferencias entre el lenguaje de hombres y mujeres en Chiquitano (Besiro) Utta von Gleich (L) 57 Multilingual literacies in Bolivia Rotger Michael Snethlage (W) 75 Leben, Expeditionen, Sammlungen und unveröffentlichte wissenschaftliche Tagebücher von Dr. Emil Heinrich Snethlage Life, expeditions, collections and unpublished field notes of 89 Dr. Emil Heinrich Snethlage Phonology & phonetics Astrid Alexander-Bakkerus (W) 103 Nominal morphophonological processes observed in Pedro de la Mata’s Arte de la Lengua Cholona (1748) Esther Herrera Z. (W) 111 Las estructuras fonéticas de la lengua emberá Esteban Emilio Mosonyi (W) 127 La fonología suprasegmental y otras particularidades del baniva de Maroa, idioma tonal arawak del Río Negro, Venezuela Pedro Viegas Barros (W) 137 Fonología del Proto-Mataguayo: Las fricativas dorsales Morphosyntax Eliane Camargo (W) 149 Cashinaua personal pronouns in grammatical relations Alain Fabre (W) 169 Algunos rasgos tipológicos del Kamsá (Valle de Sibundoy, Alto Putumayo, sudoeste de Colombia) vistos desde una perspectiva areal Elena Filimonova (L) 199 Person hierarchy and its implication: The case of Aymara Colette Grinevald (L) 215 Nominal classification in Movima Simon van de Kerke (L) 241 Complex verb formation in Leko Sérgio Meira (W) 255 A first comparison of pronominal and demonstrative systems in the Cariban language family Odile Renault-Lescure (W) 277 Le parfait en kali’na Jeanette Sakel (L) 287 Gender agreement in Mosetén Hein van der Voort (L) 307 The quotative construction in Kwaza and its (de-) grammaticalisation Mary Ruth Wise (W) 329 Applicative affixes in Peruvian Amazonian languages The symbols (L) and (W) indicate the articles that originated in the Leiden and Warsaw symposia, respectively. The languages discussed in the present volume are indicated on the map at the end of the introductory chapter, on pages 6 and 7. INTRODUCTION This book contains a selection of articles based on papers presented at two different symposia on the indigenous languages of South America. The first of these two symposia took place July 10–14, 2000, at Warsaw University, during the 50th International Congress of Americanists in Warsaw, Poland. This symposium was entitled Lenguas Amazónicas y de las áreas adyacentes: aspectos descriptivos y comparativos / Languages in the Amazon and its neighbouring areas: descriptive and comparative aspects and was organised by Marília Facó Soares, José Alvarez and Hein van der Voort. The second symposium took place two and a half months later, on September 28–30, 2000, at Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. This symposium was entitled Workshop on Bolivian and Rondonian indigenous languages and was organised by Mily Crevels and Simon van de Kerke. It represented the 3rd Workshop on Amerindian Languages organised at Leiden University. Because of the high degree of similarity and overlap between the topics of these symposia, the editors of the planned proceedings decided to collaborate on a single volume of articles on the indigenous languages of South America. The indigenous languages of South America form a highly diverse group. This part of the world boasts of an amazing wealth of genetic linguistic phyla and isolated languages and stocks. A large part of this wealth has not yet been documented and studied to any degree of satisfaction. Therefore, many proposals for genetic linguistic relationships are still completely unproven and, since a thorough attempt at linguistic classification is also a prerequisite for the label ‘isolated’, most of the so-called isolated languages are better considered as unclassified so far. Furthermore, many of the special grammatical and phonological characteristics of these languages will continue to go unnoticed by general and typological linguistics until serious fieldwork is conducted and subsequent publications become available. Unfortunately, the majority of the approximately 375 indigenous languages spoken in South America are in danger of disappearance under the pressure of national and colonial languages. This situation is, among other things, directly related to the fact that the indigenous peoples have been suffering physical, social, cultural and economic discrimination and genocide at the hands of Western invaders since the sixteenth century, and that the ecological destruction of their traditional habitat continues relentlessly until this very day. Therefore, the study of indigenous languages should not only bring scientific data and insights within the confines of its own discipline, but it should also provide a scientific basis for language preservation efforts and be co-instrumental in the emancipation of the indigenous peoples. Furthermore, the sharing of field experiences in wider circles may result in a higher level of general awareness of the value of cultural and linguistic diversity. With this collection of articles, the editors intended to provide an outlet for publication of the results of ongoing research on South American Indian languages. Hopefully it will inspire 2 SOUTH AMERICAN LANGUAGES discussion and exchange between colleagues and stimulate others to participate in carrying out the tasks that