11 Electric, Electronic and Green Urban Transport Systems – eGUTS Code DTP1-454-3.1-eGUTS D4.2.4 Electro bus involvement into public transport fleets Responsible Partner The Romanian Sustainable Energy Cluster - ROSENC Version 2.0 October 2017 Dissemination level Public Component and Phase D 4. 2. 4 Coordinating partner ROSENC Editor(s) Alina-Georgiana Birau, Vlad Stanciu, Katja Hanžič Authors: Šime Erlić, Ruđer Bošković, Ivan Šimić (ZADAR) Libor Špička, Ivo Dostal (CDVB) Alina-Georgiana Birau, Vlad Stanciu, Olga Amariei (ROSENC) Jan Bado (VUD) Christian Horvath (TOB) dr. Daniel Amariei, Johannes Bachler (CERE) dr. Sebastijan Seme, Gregor Srpčič, Katja Hanžič (UM) Milanko Damjanović (ULCINJ) Dejan Jegdić (REDASP) Due date of deliverable 01/08/2017 Actual date of deliverable 31/10/2017 Status (F: final, D: draft) F File name eGUTS Electro bus involvement into public transport fleets October 2017 eGUTS Project - Electro bus involvement into public transport fleets Page 2 Key conclusions and Future Outlook High upfront cost still remains a major obstacle for rapid and comprehensive market adoption of hybrid and electric transit buses. Chinese market and Chinese OEMs emerging as major forces in the market. European OEMs increasingly developing global competitiveness and will benefit more in long term Distinct trend of vertical integration and Tier I supplier partnerships seen to emerge among Western and Chinese OEMs respectively. Uncertainty in government funding and incentives favouring hybrid and electric transit buses to continue. This is necessitating recalibration of business models. Growth in parallel hybrid adoption driven by price sensitivities in both developed and developing markets and economies of scale gained from truck market. Providing market-specific solutions and maintaining good relation with local transport authorities will be key to win in these markets. Developing global product platforms with flexible architecture to meet local specifications will help to keep check on cost and respond quickly to competition. Price competitiveness of parallels will continue pulling the market towards this technology. This is gaining momentum as BAE and Allison are gravitating towards offering parallel hybrid solutions in their portfolios. This will bode well for the market as it will ensure focused technology and market growth and evolution. Ultra capacitors hold the potential to disrupt energy storage systems market and their superior power density can threaten expensive Li-ion technology. Li-ion and Ni-MH technology focused OEMs and suppliers must step up battery technology focused R&D to reduce prices faster than before. October 2017 eGUTS Project - Electro bus involvement into public transport fleets Page 3 Table of Contents List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 6 2 Development of electro buses ................................................................................ 8 2.1 Worldwide state of development .................................................................................8 2.2 Technology Definition ................................................................................................ 11 2.3 State of development per country / region ................................................................. 16 2.3.1 Romania .................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Czech Republic .......................................................................................................................... 17 2.3.3 Croatia ...................................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.4 Slovakia ..................................................................................................................................... 33 2.3.5 Austria and Burgenland ............................................................................................................ 37 2.3.6 Slovenia..................................................................................................................................... 40 2.3.7 Hungary .................................................................................................................................... 43 2.3.8 Montenegro .............................................................................................................................. 46 2.3.9 Serbia ........................................................................................................................................ 46 3 Necessity and opportunity of electro buses ............................................................47 3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages ................................................................................. 47 3.1.1 SWOT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 47 3.1.2 Key Barriers ............................................................................................................................... 49 3.1.3 Possible solutions for overcoming barriers .............................................................................. 57 3.2 Cost- benefit Analysis ................................................................................................. 58 3.3 Infrastructure Requirements, Development and implementation steps ....................... 60 3.4 Procurement of electro buses for public fleets............................................................. 62 4 Review and a brief description of existing projects and studies ..............................64 4.1 EU projects and studies .............................................................................................. 64 4.1.1 ZeEUS, the Zero Emission Urban Bus System ........................................................................... 64 4.1.2 Environmentally friendly Efficient Electric Motion - 3Emotion ................................................ 65 4.1.3 The European Bus System of the Future (EBSF) and The European Bus System of the Future 2 66 4.2 National studies ........................................................................................................ 67 4.2.1 Romania .................................................................................................................................... 67 4.2.2 Czech Republic .......................................................................................................................... 70 4.2.3 Croatia ...................................................................................................................................... 72 4.2.4 Slovakia ..................................................................................................................................... 74 4.2.5 Austria....................................................................................................................................... 75 4.2.6 Slovenia..................................................................................................................................... 77 4.2.7 Hungary .................................................................................................................................... 79 4.2.8 Montenegro .............................................................................................................................. 81 4.2.9 Serbia ........................................................................................................................................ 81 5 Plans and incentives for further development ........................................................83 5.1 Further developments world-wide .............................................................................. 83 6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................86 7 References.............................................................................................................88 October 2017 eGUTS Project - Electro bus involvement into public transport fleets Page 4 List of abbreviations AER – All Electric Range BAS – belted alternator starter BEV – Battery electric vehicle eBus - Electric Bus FCEV – Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle GHG – Green House Gases GPP – Green Public Procurement H&E – Hybrid and Electric HD – Heavy-Duty HEV – hybrid electric vehicle ICE – Internal Combustion Engine ISG – integrated starter-generator Li-ion – Lithium-ion OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer PHEV – plug-in hybrid electric vehicle UC – ultra-capacitors October 2017 eGUTS Project - Electro bus involvement into public transport fleets Page 5 Introduction In recent years, urban mobility has been high on the agenda due to increasing urban populations and the associated transport-related congestion and pollution in cities. With intense competition for urban space, transport planning has significant impacts on quality of life for citizens. The notion that mobility is about more than simply moving vehicles and people is recurring theme for researchers, planners and policy makers alike acknowledging the potential for mobility to transform cities into more sustainable, liveable areas. The study is structured