JAIN TEMPLE, ~ALCUTT A. GLIMPSES 0 F I NOlA A GRAND PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF , The L'and of An~iquity_, th~ vast Empire of the East With '5'00 superbly reproq.uced Carnera:-View,s of her Cities, Templesl Towers,Publk Buildings" ' Fortifications" tombs,,' M6sque~_, , ;palace.s~ "W 'aterfaUs", Natliral , , .' Wonders, and Pictures of the 'V~ridus . 1'yp~s · ol her,"P¢ople, , Also' ~~upplem~ntary ' ~hoto.~gra.l(hk· ': \li~\Vs of" ', ,' Burmah: Ceyl9n,. , Cas6I.l1ef~ " " ' anci Aden .. :; WITH FULL HISTORICAL TEXT, BY A CORPS OF: WELL~KNOWN WRITERS, :EDITED BY : . '. .' '. ' ..' . :' J. H. "FURNEAUX, Sub-Editor ofth~ "Tim'5 (1j" Ifulu.," Bombay. MADl'! BY ' PUBLISHED BY C. B. BURROWS, HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, CARE , " PHILADELPHIA, PA., WILLIAM WATSON & co., U.S.A. Bombay, India. These Illustrations represeut _rious seellons 01 a mountain battery. Enter~d according to Act of Congress, in the year 1895, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. PROTECTED ACCORDTNG TO THE INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT LAW. ; PRINTED AND BOUND BY HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA, PA., U. S. A. 1895. PREFACE. HElnd~anE1npire with its bewildering diversity of· p¢oples; its wonderflll monuments of a past .!!!!!!!!!!!!!l greatness, .it~ gorgeous palaces, its beautiful temples; jts splendid Inosques, the magnificence of itsprin~es, the beauty and gfandeur· of its scenery, renders it one of the most intensely interesting conll;tries of the world, not only to the historian, the artist and the scholar but also to the traveller desj~ous of new ,experiences. This vast Eastern dependency of Britain has long peen associated in the minds of Ellropeans with much that is illythical .and unreal; but with the increased facilities of communication between the Occident and the Orient, these erroneous impressions are gradually being obliterated and a truer appreciation of India and its teeming millions is beginning to be shown. It is to assist in further enlightening the English speaking public concerning the great Eastern wonderland that these glimpses of Hindustan have been prepared on entirely novel lines. It is the first occasion on which an attempt has been made to present in a bright, handy and inexpensive manner by means of the camera, a faithful panoramic representation ..of the most characteristic architectural and natural beauties of the land. The accompanying descriptive letter-press has been prepared by writers thoroughly acquainted with the places and topics on whi~h they ,dis;coursej an.d every care has been taken to ins~re accuracy. It is impossible to exaggerate the charms of such marvels of artistic creation as the Taj at Agra, the Jain temples at Mount Abu or Palitana, or some of the Inore modern buildings which are scattered abollt the country, or the awe-inspiring grandeur of the Himalayas or the rugged landscapes of the Nilgiris; yet DO word painting alone can convey such a realistic conception of those places as the absolutely accurate reptpductions of the photographs contained in this volume. These have been prepared by Some of the best known firms of photographers in India including Messrs. Bourne & Shepherd, of Calcutta and Bombay; Messrs. Lala Deen Dayal & Sons, Secunderabad, whose views of military life are splendid samples of instan~eous photography; Messrs. Nicholas & Co.) Madras; Messrs. Barton, Son & Co., Bangalore ; Mr. B. D. Dadaboy, Mooltan, to whom the editor's thanks are dlle. The excellent cuts illustrating the article on cotton are published by kind permission of Mr. Ratnagar, proprietor . (iii) . ' ." iv PREFACE. of the Indz"an Textt'le Journal, to whom the editor wishes to express his obligations as well as to the numerous gentlemen who have assisted him in compiling the descriptive matter, many of whom desire to preserve their anonymity. He is particularly indebted to the Rev. J. M. Macdonald, chaplain of Cuttack and the author of" Thunderbolt," for his valuable aid, as well as to Professor R. P. Karkaria, editor of" Carlyle's Lectures on Literature;" Mr. J. Ferguson, editor of the Ceylon Observer; Mr. D. S. Brebner, of the Madras Mat'f/ Mr. R. D. Hughes and Mr. N. R.. Chkhgar, of the Ttitles of Indza, and numerous friends and confreres, who have helped him in various ways in the preparation of this volume, which is not in any way intended as a guidebook ·of the ordinary type. In addition to the description of places there are several articles which have been written after much laborious research. It is hoped these will materially enhance the interest of the work. The account of the Indian army has been compiled from the most reliable sources, while the narrative of the development of Indian railways has been specially prepared by an eminent engineer, whose intimate acquaintance with everything pertainitlg to their working gives practical value to his observations on this most important subject. The enormous strides which have been made in the Indian textile industry within recent years and its capabilities for future expansion afford ample excuse for the introduction of a chapter OR this interesting question, which is from the pen of a gentleman who is actively interested in the great busilless. The Parsees, a shrewd and ·enterprising people who left their country like the pilgrim fathers for conscience' sake, occupy a uniqlle position. They have grown by dint of loyalty, industry and integrity from a band of homeless fugitives into one of the most influential and wealthy communities of India, and the history of their adventures and progress by a co-religionist cannot fail to a~aken the admiration of all those who delight in the exhibition of the sterling qualities of pluck and indomitable perseverance in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties. Among soine of the most noteworthy relics of a great past are the temples hewn in the rocks, which have withstood the ravages of time in a remarkable manner: These and the o,ther splendid legacies of a great antiquity and an ancient religion are graphically portrayed, and it is hoped that combined with the truthful narration of episodes of Indian history and details of the life and customs of the people will render this book valuable. to all who have had no personal acquaintance with the land, but who desire to become better informed regarding this marvellous home of nearly three hundred millions of Oriental subjects of the Kaiser-i-Hind. At the same time every endeavour has been put forth to make it an acceptable souvenir to all who have dwelt in the" land of regrets." THE EDITOR. BOMBAY, OCTOBER, 1895. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I.-Tua INDIAN ARMY. PAllB The Beginning of the Indian Army-The Early British Settlements-,-Madras the Cradle of the Indian Army-The Impor~ance of the Sepoy Army-The Ties between English OfIj,cers and SepoyS:--Some Causes of the Mutiny-Th~ Reorganization of the Army-The Services of Sepoys Abroad-Financial Responsibility for the Army-Divided Authority-The Anialgamation of the Presidential Armies­ The Attempt to Establish a Factory in Bengal-A Patriotic Officer-Mr. Boughton Secures Privileges from the Mogul Emperor for the East India Company-The Eady Military Element-The Gradual Increase of the Company's Forces-Early Successes of the English at Sea-The Commencement of the Defences of Calcutta-The Firm Establishment of the Trade of the East India Company­ Transformation of the Company from Enterprising Merchants to Conquering Rulers-The Arrival of the " English" Company---The Rise of Mahratta Power~The Amalgamation of the Rival Trading Companies-The Advent of Clive-The Bengal Army-The Bengal Artillery-The Birthplace of the Indian Empire-Lord Clive Remodels the Military Forces in India-System of Recruiting for the Indian Armies-The Bengal Sappers and Min~Punjab Frontier Force-The Madras Army-The First Instance of Disaffection Among the Troops-The Present Strength-The Willingness of the Madras Sepoy to go on Foreign Service-The Bombay Anny­ The~Cession of the Island of Bombay to the British--An Armed Force for Bombay-The Old Bombay Fortifications---Mutiny of the Bombay Garrison-The Island Saved from tp.e Mahrattas-A Commercial Treaty with .the Mahrattas-..-Strained Relations between the East India Company and the Mogul Emperor-The Governor of Bombay Imprisoned-The Death of Aurangzi~The Completion of "the Fortifications of Bombay-The First Real Bombay Army-The Formation of the· Marine Battalion-The Conduct of the Bombay Sepoy in Various Expeditions-The Attitude. of the Bombay Regiment During the Mutiny-Participation in the China and Abyssinian Wars-Malta Expedition-Afghan and BunnaWars---Present Establishment-The Imperial Service Troops---The Loyal Offers of Indian Chiefs---The Officering of Imperial Service Corps-Their Efficiency and Smartness-Volunteer Corps-Their Distribution­ First Mention of Volunteers in Indian History-The Bombay Fencibles-TheMadras Volunteer Guards-The Nagpore Volunteer Rifle Corps---The Establishment of British Troops· in India-The System for Providing English Troops for India-Average Term of Service-Payment of British Soldie:rs---The Nucleus of the British Army in India . " . " . CHAPTER JI.-RAII.wAY CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA. Importance of Adequate Means of Communication~The Civilizing Influence of the Railway Locomotive-Indian Roads---The Introduction of Railways into India-Early Defects in Construction-The Question of Gauge-The Present Recognized Standards-Difficulties of Railway Construction in India-The Influence of the Mutiny on Railway Extension-State versus Private Enterprise-Difficulty of Obtaining Capital for Indian Railways-Consulting Engineers--State Railways-Some Drawbacks of State Control-Excellence of the Work-The Building of th~ Frontier Railway to Quetta-Modified Forms of Guarantee-Assisted Companies -Companies' Agreements-A Native Railway Enterprise--A Uniform Standard for Rolling Stock of Leading Railways-Rules for Regulating the Strength of Bridges---Monotony of Prospect on Indian Railways--:-Typical Indian Bridges-Their Protection from Flood-Indian Tunnels-The Beneficial Effects of Railways-The Indian as a Railway Workman-'The Army of Railway Employes---Slow Travelling-Drawbacks of Indian Travelling-Railway Rates---Length of Lines Open-Necessary Extensions ......