Chancen und Herausforderungen von DLT (Blockchain) in Mobilität und Logistik FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FÜR ANGEWANDTE INFORMATIONSTECHNIK FIT CHANCEN UND HERAUSFORDERUNGEN VON DLT (BLOCKCHAIN) IN MOBILITÄT UND LOGISTIK Prof. Dr. Gilbert Fridgen Prof. Dr. Nikolas Guggenberger Prof. Dr. Thomas Hoeren Prof. Wolfgang Prinz (PhD) Prof. Dr. Nils Urbach Johannes Baur, Henning Brockmeyer, Wolfgang Gräther, Elisaweta Rabovskaja, Vincent Schlatt, André Schweizer, Johannes Sedlmeir, Lars Wederhake Vielen Dank den weiteren Mitwirkenden: Matthias Babel, Martin Brennecke, Patrick Camus, Benedict Drasch, Tobias Guggenberger, Luis Lämmermann, Jannik Lockl, Sven Radszuwill, Alexander Rieger, Marco Schmidt, Nico Thanner, Patrick Troglauer, Florian Vogt, Malte Weißert, Felix Würmseher Inhalt 1 Management Summary .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Zielsetzung des Gutachtens ..............................................................................................................1 1.2 Allgemeine Analyse..........................................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Technische Betrachtung ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Gesellschaftlich-ökonomische Perspektive ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2.1 Status quo ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2.2 Generische Rollen und Anwendungsmuster ................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2.3 Diffusion und Förderpolitik ............................................................................................................................. 5 1.2.2.4 DLT im Mobilitätssektor .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.3 Rechtliche Betrachtung ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.3.1 Zivilrecht .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.3.2 Datenschutzrecht ............................................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Anwendungsfallbeispiele .................................................................................................................8 1.3.1 Frachtpapiere ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Elektrisches Laden ............................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 Ridesharing ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.4 Platooning ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Fazit .............................................................................................................................................. 13 2 Management Summary [English] .......................................................................................... 14 2.1 Purpose of this report .................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 General analysis ............................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Technical consideration .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Socio-economic perspective ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2.1 Current situation ........................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2.2 Generic roles and patterns of application ..................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2.3 Diffusion and funding policy.......................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2.4 DLT in the mobility sector ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.3 Legal considerations .......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3.1 Civil law ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3.2 Data privacy law ............................................................................................................................................ 19 2.3 Sample applications ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Shipping documents .......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.2 Electric charging ................................................................................................................................................ 21 2.3.3 Ride sharing ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 Platooning ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 24 3 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 25 3.1 Inhaltliche Einführung .................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Aufbau des Grundgutachtens ......................................................................................................... 26 4 Technische Grundlagen ......................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Grundlegende Konzepte ................................................................................................................. 30 4.1.1 Blockchain-Netzwerk ......................................................................................................................................... 30 4.1.2 Transaktion, Distributed Ledger, digitale Signatur ............................................................................................ 30 4.1.3 Fluss der Transaktionen durch das Blockchain-Netzwerk ................................................................................. 31 4.1.4 Hashwert ........................................................................................................................................................... 31 4.1.5 Block .................................................................................................................................................................. 32 4.1.6 Konsensfindung ................................................................................................................................................ 32 4.1.7 Charakteristiken der Blockchain ....................................................................................................................... 33 4.2 Weitere Konzepte .......................................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1 Smart Contracts ................................................................................................................................................ 33 4.2.2 Alternative Konsensfindungsverfahren ............................................................................................................ 34 4.2.3 Sharding ............................................................................................................................................................ 35 4.2.4 Integration externer Daten ............................................................................................................................... 36 4.2.5 Orakel ............................................................................................................................................................... 36 4.3 Blockchain- und DLT-Infrastrukturen .............................................................................................. 36 4.3.1 Klassifikationen ................................................................................................................................................