Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology An IFT Scientific Review by John D. Floros, Rosetta Newsome, William Fisher Gustavo V. Barbosa-Canovas,´ Hongda Chen, C. Patrick Dunne, J. Bruce German, Richard L. Hall, Dennis R. Heldman, Mukund V. Karwe, Stephen J. Knabel, Theodore P. Labuza, Daryl B. Lund, Martina Newell-McGloughlin, James L. Robinson, Joseph G. Sebranek, Robert L. Shewfelt, William F. Tracy, Connie M. Weaver, and Gregory R. Ziegler Preamble by Philip E. Nelson, 2007 World Food Prize Laureate; Professor Emeritus, Food Science Dept., Purdue Univ. Just as society has evolved over time, our food system has also evolved over centuries into a global system of immense size and complexity. The commitment of food science and technology professionals to advancing the science of food, ensuring a safe and abundant food supply, and contributing to healthier people everywhere is integral to that evolution. Food scientists and technologists are versatile, interdisciplinary, and collaborative practitioners in a profession at the crossroads of scientific and technological developments. As the food system has drastically changed, from one centered around family food production on individual farms and home food preservation to the modern system of today, most people are not connected to their food nor are they familiar with agricultural production and food manufacturing designed for better food safety and quality. The Institute of Food Technologists—a nonprofit scientific society of individual members engaged in food science, food technology, and related professions in industry, academia, and government—has the mission to advance the science of food and the long-range vision to ensure a safe and abundant food supply contributing to healthier people everywhere. IFT convened a task force and called on contributing authors to develop this scientific review to inform the general public about the importance and benefits of food science and technology in IFT’s efforts to feed a growing world. The main objective of this review is to serve as a foundational resource for public outreach and education and to address misperceptions and misinformation about processed foods. The intended audience includes those who desire to know more about the application of science and technology to meet society’s food needs and those involved in public education and outreach. It is IFT’s hope that the reader will gain a better understanding of the goals or purposes for various applications of science and technology in the food system, and an appreciation for the complexity of the modern food supply. Abstract: This Institute of Food Technologists scientific review describes the scientific and technological achievements that made possible the modern production-to-consumption food system capable of feeding nearly 7 billion people, and it also discusses the promising potential of ongoing technological advancements to enhance the food supply even further and to increase the health and wellness of the growing global population. This review begins with a historical perspective that summarizes the parallel developments of agriculture and food technology, from the beginnings of modern society to the present. A section on food manufacturing explains why food is processed and details various food processing methods that ensure food safety and preserve the quality of products. A section about potential solutions to future challenges briefly discusses ways in which scientists, the food industry, and policy makers are striving to improve the food supply for a healthier population and feed the future. Applications of science and technology within the food system have allowed production of foods in adequate quantities to meet the needs of society, as it has evolved. Today, our production-to- consumption food system is complex, and our food is largely safe, tasty, nutritious, abundant, diverse, convenient, and less costly and more readily accessible than ever before. Scientific and technological advancements must be accelerated and applied in developed and developing nations alike, if we are to feed a growing world population. Institute of Food Technologists, 525 W. Van Buren St., Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60607. Direct inquiries to author Newsome (E-mail: [email protected]). c 2010 Institute of Food Technologists® r doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00127.x Vol. 0, 2010 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 1 Feeding the world today and tomorrow . Introduction Applications of Disciplines Involved in Food Science and Technology The world has progressed through hunter–gatherer, agricultural, Examples of Food Science and Technology and industrial stages to provider of goods and services. This pro- Discipline Applications gression has been catalyzed by the cultural and social evolution of Biology, Cell Biology Understanding of postharvest plant physiology, food mankind and the need to solve specific societal issues, such as the quality, plant disease control, and microbial physiology; food safety need for preservation to free people from foraging for food, and Biotechnology Rice with increased content of beta-carotene the need for adequate nutrition via consistent food supply year (vitamin A precursor); enzymes for cheesemaking, round. These forces led to the development of the food indus- breadmaking, and fruit juice manufacture Chemistry Food analysis, essential for implementing many of try, which has contributed immensely to the basis for a healthy the applications listed here; improved food human civilization and helped society prosper and flourish (Lund quality; extended shelf life; development of 1989). functional foods (foods and food components providing health benefits beyond basic nutrition) Computer Science Food manufacturing process control, data analysis Development of food science and technology Genomics Understanding of plant and animal characteristics; According to Harvard Univ. biological anthropologist Richard improved control of desirable attributes; rapid detection and identification of pathogens Wrangham, food processing was launched about 2 million years Materials Science Effective packaging; understanding of how materials ago by a distant ancestor who discovered cooking, the original properties of foods provide structure for texture, form of food processing (Wrangham 2009). Later, but still during flavor, and nutrient release Microbiology Understanding of the nature of bacteria (beneficial, prehistoric times, cooking was augmented by fermenting, drying, spoilage, and disease-causing microorganisms), preserving with salt, and other primitive forms of food process- parasites, fungi, and viruses, and developments ing, which allowed groups and communities to form and survive. and advances in their detection, identification, quantification, and control (for example, safe Humans thus first learned how to cook food, then how to trans- thermal processes for commercial sterilization); form, preserve, and store it safely. This experience-based tech- hygiene; food safety Nutrition Foods fortified with vitamins and minerals for health nology led to modern food processing (Hall 1989; Floros 2008). maintenance; functional foods for addressing Much later, the domestication of plants and land cultivation be- specific health needs of certain subpopulations; came widespread, and at the end of the last Ice Age, humans rev- development of diets that match human nutrient requirements; enhanced health and wellness olutionized eating meat by domesticating animals for food. Thus, Physics, Engineering Efficient food manufacturing processes to preserve plant and animal agriculture also contributed to improving the food attributes and ensure food safety; pollution human condition. control; environmental protection; waste reduction efforts Study of every ancient civilization clearly shows that through- Sensory Science Understanding of chemosenses (for example, taste out history humans overcame hunger and disease, not only by and odor) to meet different flavor needs and harvesting food from a cultivated land but also by processing it preferences Toxicology Assessment of the safety of chemical and with sophisticated methods. For example, the 3 most important microbiological food components, food additives foods in Ancient Greece—bread, olive oil, and wine—were all products of complicated processing that transformed perishable, Controversies about processed foods unpalatable, or hardly edible raw materials into safe, flavorful, nu- Although today the public generally embraces and en- tritious, stable, and enjoyable foods (Floros 2004). joys key benefits of the food supply—value, consistency, and Today, our production-to-consumption food system is complex, convenience—some suggest that the cost to society of obtaining and our food is largely safe, tasty, nutritious, abundant, diverse, these benefits is too high. Negative perceptions about “processed convenient, and less costly and more readily accessible than ever foods” also exist, especially among consumers in the United States. before. This vast food system includes agricultural production and A range of factors contributes to these perceptions. These include harvesting, holding and storing of raw materials, food manufactur- uneasiness with technology, low level of science literacy, labeling, ing (formulation, food processing, and packaging), transportation and advertising that have at times taken advantage of food additive and distribution, retailing, foodservice, and food preparation in the or ingredient