AEC PUBLICATIONS 2010 - HANDBOOK NATIONAL MUSIC EDUCATION SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS OF NATIONAL SYSTEMS FOR MUSIC IN HIGHER EDUCATION, PRE-COLLEGE MUSIC EDUCATION, INSTRUMENTAL/VOCAL MUSIC TEACHER TRAINING AND TRAINING OF MUSIC TEACHERS IN GENERAL EDUCATION IN 31 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ERASMUS NETWORK FOR MUSIC CONTENTS AUSTRIA 2 BELGIUM 12 BULGARIA 24 CROATIA 30 CZECH REPUBLIC 38 DENMARK 46 ESTONIA 55 FINLAND 62 FRANCE 70 GERMANY 85 GREECE 91 HUNGARY 99 ICELAND 109 IRELAND 116 ITALY 124 LATVIA 135 LITHUANIA 142 LUXEMBOURG 159 MALTA 166 THE NETHERLANDS 171 NORWAY 182 POLAND 191 PORTUGAL 197 ROMANIA 205 SLOVAKIA 212 SLOVENIA 219 SPAIN 227 SWEDEN 235 SWITZERLAND 243 TURKEY 250 UNITED KINGDOM 258 AUSTRIA OVERVIEW OF HIGHER MUSIC EDUCATION SYSTEM Professional music training on higher education level exists mostly in the three Music Universities in Austria, which are providing higher education financed by the government. There are also so called Konservatorien in Austria that offer professional music education funded by the provinces or on a private basis. They are able to issue diplomas equivalent to university degrees, although they do not award Bachelor and Master degrees according to the Bologna structure yet. Their focus is also slightly more on the education on pre‐college level. Out of those institutions, two became private universities (Privatuniversitäten). Those two institutions are able to award a Bachelor and Master degree as well. In the 2002 winter term, some 60 Bachelor study programmes were actually run at arts universities. 11% of all types of studies offered are teacher training studies. Doctoral study programmes are run at all arts universities. Students of arts universities must pass an admission test. The 1998 Kunstuniversitäts‐Organisationsgesetz (KUOG) (Arts Universities Organisation Act) transformed the fine‐arts colleges into arts universities. This went hand in hand with a fundamental restructuring of their organisational set‐up and strengthened the links between the arts and science. The 1999 amendment to the University Studies Act (Universitäts‐Studiengesetz) introduced the three‐tier system of university studies. The 2002 Universitätsgesetz (University Act) created a common legal basis for science and arts universities. The University Act transformed universities from federal institutions to public law entities which are no longer under federal administration. Universities are funded via a global budget which is set up for three‐year periods mostly oriented on outputs and outcomes. The services rendered by the Federal Ministry of Science and Research and the university are laid down by way of negotiation in so‐called ‘performance agreements’. The role of the Ministry is limited to legal supervision. The 2002 University Act precedes almost all legal competences to the universities, which are now accountable for their own programmes, whilst having to comply with EU directives, if applicable. The shift from semester hours to a credit point‐based system according to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) promotes national and international student mobility. Austria is introducing the elements of the Bologna Declaration Process step by step. The diploma supplement was introduced in 2002; since 2005 every university hands it out to graduating students automatically. The 1999 amendment to the University Studies Act already constituted the basis for the introduction of BA/MA studies. It became possible to offer a degree structure based on two main cycles at universities. The Accreditation Council, which is responsible for the accreditation of private universities, has been established at the beginning of 2004. The Austrian Agency for Quality Assurance (AQA) was established in regard of quality assurance undertaken by public (state financed) universities, which currently is a candidate member of the European Network for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA). Total number of There are three public (state financed) universities for professional music training in institutions Austria: the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, the University of Music and Dramatic Arts Graz and the University Mozarteum Salzburg. And two private (funded by the municipalities) universities for professional music training in Austria: the Anton Bruckner Privatuniversität (Linz), the Konservatorium Wien Privatuniversität Total number of music 5.000 + (public universities) students 2 Funding In addition to government funding, the universities have access to other sources of funding. Now being endowed with full legal capacity, they are entitled to acquire assets or to undertake commissioned research and to use these revenues for delivering the tasks of the university. Additionally, in recent years, tuition fees were introduced for all students (the tuition fees only partly feed back into the university budget). Curricula Thus far, the academic recognition of periods of studies, examinations and degrees was regulated by law. Now, it is the task of the universities to establish curricula within their autonomous sphere of competence. 2‐cycle system 1st cycle: Bachelor (180 ECTS credits – although some 1st cycles in music at the moment have 240 ECTS credits) 2nd cycle: Magister (minimum of 120 ECTS credits after the 1st cycle) Qualifications 1st cycle: Bakkalaurea/Bakkalaureus der Künste (Bakk. art.): Artistical job preparation and working qualification. 2nd cycle: Magistra/Magister der Künste (Mag. art.): Based on Bachelor degree, additional job preparation. Entry requirements (2nd Bachelor Degree and sometimes an admission exam. cycle) 3rd cycle Third cycle studies are only offered at the three Music Universities. The qualification awarded after completion of the third cycle is Doktorin/Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.), Doktorin/Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr.rer.nat.) or PhD. Students must have successfully completed a Magister certification in order to pursue a third cycle qualification. Vienna, Graz and Salzburg offer third cycle studies in musicology and in natural sciences (Acoustics). Graz is considering introducing a practice based doctoral study in the near future. Credit point system All institutions make use of the ECTS credit point system. Quality assurance Under the 2002 University Act universities are under an obligation to install quality management systems. Generally, the entire performance spectrum of the university is subject to continuous evaluation, and specific areas of external evaluation within a three‐annual period are determined in the performance agreements. The performance of university staff must be evaluated at 5‐year intervals at minimum. Evaluations have to be conducted according to international standards ‐and are regulated in detail by the individual university’s charter. The university bodies must base their decision‐making on the results of these evaluations. The Austrian Agency for Quality Assurance (AQA) was established at the beginning of 2004. AQA aims at assisting higher education institutions in implementing quality assurance procedures, in coordinating evaluations and in elaborating quality assurance standards. A law on the accreditation of private universities has been in force since 1999. 3 Post‐secondary studies and private educational establishments of a quasi‐university character may be officially recognised as private universities. For this purpose, an independent Accreditation Council was set up in the year 2000. Private universities are accredited for a maximum period of 5 years. The Accreditation Council is moreover responsible for ensuring continuous and concomitant quality control of the accredited private universities. Music institutions in Austria are currently – due to the well known problems in evaluating artistic/music training – not yet subject to regular quality reviews or accreditation procedures. At the moment appropriate methods according the evaluation of music training are developed. Employability Graduates work as performers or teachers, and often also have portfolio careers. Academic year The academic year starts on 1 October and ends on 30 September; it is divided into two semesters (terms). Detailed arrangements are laid down by the university senate. 4 OVERVIEW OF THE PRE‐COLLEGE MUSIC TRAINING SYSTEM Austria is a federal republic with nine federal states, called Bundesländer. The music school system is different in each federal state. The following text provides a general overview of pre‐college education in Austria. TYPES OF PRE‐COLLEGE EDUCATION Music School (Musikschule) Music Schools offer music education outside of the general education system, in principle to students of all ages and stages. However, the exact situation is different in each federal state. Differences may be conceived in the funding of the payment of teachers, the level of teaching offered, the amount and length of lessons, the use of entrance tests or examinations, and the age of students (some schools only accept children). There is a curriculum for music schools composed by the KOMU, the Austrian affiliate of the European Music School Union (EMU), which is used by many schools. The curriculum does not lead up to the entrance level of higher music education, but schools will support those students who would like to. Most students proceeding to higher education come from Music Schools. The KOMU aims at implementing a national curriculum in the future. Music Schools cater for the majority of amateur music students in Austria. The only exemption is Vienna, where due to the small