Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized COLOMBIA Gender Assessment INFO LEGAL PAGE Index Overview ...........................................................................................................................1 I. The agency of women .................................................................................... 9 I. Legal framework for gender equality ................................................................... 10 II. Institutions for gender equality .............................................................................. 12 III. Policies for gender equality .................................................................................... 18 IV. Voice and decision making ...................................................................................... 18 V. Child marriage ........................................................................................................... 23 VI. Violence against women .......................................................................................... 25 VII. Attitudes and gender norms ................................................................................... 28 II. Endowments ................................................................................................. 31 I. Health .......................................................................................................................... 32 a. Life expectancy, fertility, and ageing ......................................................................32 b. Maternal health ..........................................................................................................34 c. Adolescent pregnancy ...............................................................................................34 d. Contraceptive use .......................................................................................................36 II. Education .................................................................................................................... 38 a. Enrolment and literacy ..............................................................................................38 b. Attainment ...................................................................................................................39 c. Performance ...............................................................................................................41 d. Segregation in higher education .............................................................................42 e. The transition to work ...............................................................................................42 III. Economic Opportunities .............................................................................. 47 I. Labor force participation ......................................................................................... 48 II. Time use ...................................................................................................................... 49 III. Unemployment........................................................................................................... 54 IV. Quality of employment ............................................................................................. 55 V. The gender wage gap ............................................................................................... 56 VI. Entrepreneurship and assets ................................................................................. 57 VII. Poverty ........................................................................................................................ 58 IV. The rural-urban divide, the conflict and the migration crisis – issues particular to the Colombian reality, affecting gender equality across different dimensions......................................................... 61 I. The rural-urban divide ............................................................................................. 62 II. Gender and conflict ................................................................................................... 70 III. Venezuelan Migration ............................................................................................... 74 V. The Road Ahead ........................................................................................... 77 I. The challenges ........................................................................................................... 77 II. Policy recommendations ......................................................................................... 79 References .................................................................................................................... 84 Annex 1: Legislation on the issue of gender equality in Colombia .................... 91 Figures Figure I-1: Regions with a Secretary of Women .......................................................................... 15 Figure I-2: Percentage of Women members of parliament ....................................................... 19 Figure I-3: Percentage of Women in house of representatives and senate ........................... 19 Figure I-4: Percentage of Women in Ministerial cabinet positions .......................................... 20 Figure I-5: Percentage of women Mayors ..................................................................................... 20 Figure I-6: Percentage of Women Local Councilors .................................................................... 20 Figure I-7: Decision Making in the household (share of women who report that these decisions were made solely by their partners or someone else) .................................................... 22 Figure I-8: Decision Making in the household by education level (share of women who report that these decisions were made solely by their partners or someone else) .................................................... 22 Figure I-9: Child Marriage in Latin America and Caribbean (2008-2014) .............................. 23 Figure I-10: Percentage of women 15-49 who reported age at first marriage, intercourse or birth 18 years or less by education level ....................................... 24 Figure I-11: Adolescents (percent) who are married or in union by education 2015 ..................................................................................... 24 Figure I-12: Age of partner in Adolescent´s couples by education 2015 ................................ 24 Figure I-13: Violence against women in colombia (% of women 15-49 y.o. married or in union who have experienced any form of…) ............................. 25 Figure I-14: Perceptions and Attitudes towards the role of women (% of people who agree with the following statements) ........................................ 29 Figure I-15: Perceptions and Attitudes towards the role of women: Correlation with employment outcomes ................................................................... 29 Figure I-16: Situations under which wife beating is considered justified by education .................................................................................................................... 29 Figure II-1: Fertility and Life expectancy at birth (total years) .................................................. 33 Figure II-2: Population Pyramid Latin America and the Caribbean and Colombia 2016 ........................................................................................................ 34 Figure II-3: Access to Maternal Services in Colombia ................................................................. 35 Figure II-4: Adolescent fertility rate ................................................................................................ 36 Figure II-5: Contraceptive use among Women 15-49 years of age 2015 ................................. 37 Figure II-6: Adult literacy rates in Colombia and in LAC ............................................................. 38 Figure II-7: Primary education enrollment rates in Colombia and LAC (net)rates in Colombia and LAC ................................................................................... 39 Figure II-8: Secondary education enrollment rates in Colombia and LAC education completion rates in Colombia and LAC ................................................... 39 Figure II-9: Primary education completion rates in Colombia and LAC ................................... 40 Figure II-10: Lower-secondary education completion rates in Colombia and LAC ................ 40 Figure II-11: Number of student graduates by level and gender ............................................... 40 Figure II-12: PISA scores for Math and Verbal test 2015 ............................................................. 42 Figure II-13: Difference on SABER 11 by sex ................................................................................. 42 Figure II-14: percentage of men and women enrolled in tertiary education by area 2017 ............................................................................. 43 Figure III-1: Labor force participation in LAC, 2017 ...................................................................... 49 Figure III-2: Hours per week dedicated to non-remunerated domestic and care work 2017 ..................................................................................... 50 Figure III-3: Reasons For not looking for a job 2017 by sex and location ................................