THE MUSICAL Routledge Music Bibliographies SERIES EDITOR: BRAD EDEN COMPOSERS Christoph Willibald Gluck, 2nd Giuseppe Verdi (1998) Edition (2003) Gregory Harwood Isaac Albéniz (1998) Patricia Howard Walter A. Clark Tomás Luis de Victoria (1998) G.F. Handel, 2nd Edition Eugene Casjen Cramer C. P. E. Bach (2002) (2004) Richard Wagner (2002) Doris Bosworth Powers Mary Ann Parker Michael Saffle Samuel Barber (2001) Paul Hindemith (2004) Adrian Willaert (2004) Wayne C. Wentzel Stephen Luttman David Michael Kidger Béla Bartók, 2nd Edition Charles Ives (2002) (1997) Gayle Sherwood GENRES Elliott Antokoletz Scott Joplin (1998) Central European Folk Music Vincenzo Bellini (2002) Nancy R. Ping-Robbins (1996) Stephen A. Willier Philip V. Bohlman Zoltán Kodály (1998) Alban Berg (1996) Mícheál Houlahan and Philip Chamber Music, 2nd Edition Bryan R. Simms Tacka (2002) John H. Baron Leonard Bernstein (2001) Franz Liszt, 2nd Edition (2004) Paul F. Laird Michael Saffle Choral Music (2002) Avery T. Sharp and James Johannes Brahms (2003) Guillaume de Machaut (1995) Heather Platt Michael Floyd Lawrence Earp Ethnomusicology (2003) Benjamin Britten (1996) Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Peter J. Hodgson Jennifer C. Post (2001) Elliott Carter (2000) John Michael Cooper Jazz Research and Performance John L. Link Materials, 3rd Edition Giovanni Pierluigi da (2004) Carlos Chávez (1998) Palestrina (2001) Eddie S. Meadows Robert Parker Clara Marvin Music in Canada (1997) Frédéric Chopin (1999) Giacomo Puccini (1999) Carl Morey William Smialek Linda B. Fairtile The Musical (2004) Aaron Copland (2001) Maurice Ravel (2004) William A. Everett Marta Robertson and Robin Stephen Zank Armstrong North American Indian Music Gioachino Rossini (2002) (1997) Frederic Delius (2004) Denise P. Gallo Richard Keeling Mary L. Huisman Alessandro and Domenico Opera, 2nd Edition (2001) Josquin Des Prez (2004) Scarlatti (1993) Guy Marco Carlo Fiore Carole F. Vidali The Recorder, 2nd Edition Gaetano Donizetti (2000) Camille Saint-Saëns (2003) (2003) James P. Cassaro Timothy S. Flynn Richard Griscom and David Edward Elgar (1993) Heinrich Schenker (2003) Lasocki Christopher Kent Benjamin Ayotte Serial Music and Serialism Gabriel Fauré (1999) Jean Sibelius (1998) (2001) Edward R. Phillips Glenda D. Goss John D. Vander Weg THE MUSICAL A RESEARCH AND INFORMATION GUIDE WILLIAM A. EVERETT ROUTLEDGE MUSIC BIBLIOGRAPHIES ROUTLEDGE NEW YORK & LONDON Published in 2004 by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 Published in Great Britain by Routledge 2 Park Square Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX1 4RN Copyright © 2004 by Routledge Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photo- copying and recording or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Routledge Music Bibliographies Series. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Everett, William A., 1962- The musical : a research and information guide / William A. Everett. p. cm. — (Routledge music bibliography series) Includes discographies (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-415-94295-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Musicals—Bibliography. 2. Musical films—Bibliography. I. Title. II. Series: Routledge music bibliographies. ML128.M78E84 2004 016.7821'4—dc22 2004016007 ISBN 0-203-32976-7 Master e-book ISBN To Lynda Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 I General Histories 5 Theater 5 American Opera/Opera in America 9 II Musical Theater 11 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 11 Chronologies 16 General Histories 18 Theoretical and Analytical Studies 39 Sociological Studies 40 Generic Studies 45 Ethnic Genres in North America 53 National Genres and Surveys 58 III Film Musicals 65 Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 65 Chronologies 69 General Histories 69 Theoretical and Analytical Studies 72 Sociological Studies 73 Bollywood 75 vii viii Contents IV Works 79 V Creators 123 Composers 123 Wordsmiths 153 Orchestrators 162 Choreography, Choreographers, and Choreographer-Directors 163 Directors and Producers 166 VI Performers 171 General Resources 171 Individual Performers 172 VII Performance 193 Acting/Singing 194 Directing/Producing 197 Writing 199 Set Design 199 VIII Periodicals 201 Musical Theater 201 Related Subjects 202 IX Sets and Series of Printed Material 203 X Discography 207 XI Recorded Anthologies 209 XII Other Searchable Resources 211 Index 215 Acknowledgments Many individuals helped make this project possible—first and foremost the creators and writers in the musical theater. Without their contributions, this volume would not have a reason to exist. The librarians and staff at the Miller Nichols Library, at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC), were of tremendous assistance. Special thanks go especially to Laura Gayle Green, Deb- bie Keeton, Jonathan Borja, and Jonathan Krinke in the Music/Media section, and the superb people in Interlibrary Loan and at the Circulation Desk. Thanks are also due to Katie Schuermann and Jedd Schneider, the graduate teaching assistants with whom I have had the pleasure to work as this book progressed. I would also like to thank the students at the UMKC Conservatory of Music, whose desire to learn about the musical theater has been most inspiring. My thanks also go to Shannon McLachlan, Richard Carlin, Erin McElroy and Robert Sims at Routledge for their support and advice. I would like to make special mention of two important mentors who both passed away in December 2003: Dr. Herbert C. Turrentine and Dr. J. Bunker Clark. Herb Turrentine was my master’s thesis advisor at Southern Methodist University, and it was in a graduate seminar he taught on American Music that I was introduced to and engaged by the topic. Bunker Clark was one of my doctoral dissertation advisors at the University of Kansas and encouraged my interests in American music and in music bibliography. The present volume would not exist were it not for the influence of these two distinguished people. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Lynda, and our dog, Bentley, for their unfaltering support of this project. ix List of Abbreviations COLLECTIONS Babington Babington, Bruce, ed. British Stars and Stardom: From Alma Taylor to Sean Connery. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001. 260 p. ISBN 0-7190-5840-6. PN1998.2.B75 2001. BBC Music Magazine Special Issue (1999) BBC Music Magazine. Special Issue: The Golden Age of Musicals. 1999. 82 p. Cambridge Companion to the Musical Everett, William A., and Paul R. Laird, eds. The Cambridge Companion to the Musical. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 310 p. ISBN 0-521-79189-8. ML2054.C35 2002. Cohan Cohan, Steven, ed. Hollywood Musicals: The Film Reader. New York and Lon- don: Routledge, 2001. 224 p. ISBN 0-415-23559-6. Goodhart Goodhart, Sandor, ed. Reading Stephen Sondheim: A Collection of Critical Essays. New York and London: Garland, 2000. 280 p. (Studies in Modern Drama, no. 10. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, vol. 2065.) ISBN 0-8153-2832-X. ML410.S6872R4 1998. Gordon Gordon, Joanne, ed. Stephen Sondheim: A Casebook. New York and London: Garland, 1997. 259 p. (Casebook on Modern Dramatists, vol. 23. Garland Ref- erence Library of the Humanities, vol. 1916.) ISBN 0-8153-2054-X. ML410.S68- 72S74 1997. Lawson-Peebles Lawson-Peebles, Robert, ed. Approaches to the American Musical. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1996. 167 p. ISBN 0-85989-405-3. ML1711. xi xii List of Abbreviations Loney Loney, Glenn, ed. Musical Theatre in America: Papers and Proceedings of the Conference on the Musical Theatre in America. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood, 1984. 441 p. ISBN 0-313-23524-4. ML1711.C66 1981. CALL NUMBER SOURCES Call number, when not imprinted in book or obtained through WorldCat: SLU St. Louis University, Pius XII Memorial Library UMKC University of Missouri-Kansas City, Miller Nichols Library WU Washington University, St. Louis, Gaylord Music Library Introduction The musical, whether on stage or screen, is undoubtedly one of the most recog- nizable musical genres of the twentieth century, but also one of the most difficult to define with any kind of precision. What makes a musical a musical, and not an opera or a play with music? And what about its subgenres—sometimes viewed as synonyms—such as musical comedy, musical play, and operetta? These are terms for which it is impossible to find consistent meanings. The same questions can be asked regarding film musicals. In the film genre, when does a film that includes songs stop being a film with music and become a film musical? Is there a specific percentage of music that distinguishes movie musicals from other types of cinema? Determining what is or what is not a musical is a task wrought with ambi- guities. Musicals defy easy categorization (one of their most intriguing qualities) and the genre encompasses a variety of meanings and subgenres, all of which are related and intertwined. None of them exist within any sort of vacuum. However, when trying to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of this complex tapestry, separating particular strands eases the task, allowing for closer investigations of certain approaches to the form. Looking first at the relationship between musicals and operas (both, after all, are staged entertainments that include music), could musicals be considered a type of opera? Some writers reply with a resounding yes, as noted in the biblio- graphic entries in Section 1b. Among these authors is John Dizikes, who labels Broadway musicals as “New York operas” in Opera in America: A Cultural History (see entry 21). The line between opera and musical, in any event, is not a fixed boundary but rather a permeable membrane.