ARTISTIC IDENTITIES IN DIFFERENT CULTURAL CONTEXTS CASE STUDIES FROM HUNGARY AND NORWAY Uppsala University Department of Art History Master’s Thesis 45 ECTS Credits Author: Lili Beke Supervisor: Hedvig Brander Jonsson Spring Semester 2018 Uppsala University, Department of Art History Box 630, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden Phone: +46 18 471 28 87 Web: www.konstvet.uu.se Thesis level: Master of Arts, 45 ECTS Credits Title: ARTISTIC IDENTITIES IN DIFFERENT CULTURAL CONTEXTS: CASE STUDIES FROM HUNGARY AND NORWAY Author: Lili Beke Supervisor: Hedvig Brander Jonsson Spring Semester 2018 Abstract The following master’s thesis considers as its main objective to prove that corresponding socio- cultural processes manifest themselves differently in Hungarian and Norwegian artistic spheres respectively. This is a cross-cultural case study analysis, focusing specifically on a selection of sociological factors that might affect the identities of artists differently depending on social background and cultural heritage. Seeing as this is a qualitative investigation, an exploration of the working conditions and individual development of six Hungarian and six Norwegian artists assist the study. The thesis examines the cultural environments into which the assembled artists of the research are socialized, in order to map their varying artistic practices, careers and even personal lives. The comparative approach of the case studies is situated within the framework of art sociological and cultural political theories. Findings and implications of the study are likely to yield results that show not only generational differences and contrasting progression within the two cultural contexts separately, but will also expose similarities and dissimilarities in the cultural dynamics governing the two art worlds in question. Keywords: artistic identity, art worlds, artistic practices, cultural influence, Hungary, Norway, socialization, capital accumulation, cultural fields of production, heritage, social processes 1 Table of Contents ARTISTIC IDENTITIES IN DIFFERENT CULTURAL CONTEXTS ................................................ 0 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Disposition .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 Overview with problematization ................................................................................................................... 7 Purpose and research questions ..................................................................................................................... 9 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................................ 10 Research Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 11 Sampling Method......................................................................................................................................... 13 Sociological Aspects .................................................................................................................................... 14 Key Concepts ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Previous Research ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Chapter 2. The foundations ...................................................................................................................... 22 Practical application of the qualitative interview methodology .................................................................. 22 Interpretation and utilisation of the theoretical framework ......................................................................... 25 Chapter 3. Cultural Policy ....................................................................................................................... 29 Introduction to Hungary’s Cultural Policy Making ..................................................................................... 29 Introduction to Norway’s Cultural Policy Making ...................................................................................... 32 Discussion and summation of the cultural dynamics governing both countries ......................................... 36 2 Chapter 4. Analysis, Discussion and Results ........................................................................................... 39 4.1 Economic Capital Accumulation ........................................................................................................... 39 Economic logic and creative entrepreneurial subjectivity .................................................................. 39 Socio-political influences on economic systems .................................................................................. 41 Cultural funding schemes and mechanisms ......................................................................................... 43 Associations and markets .................................................................................................................... 45 Overview of analysis of economic capital accumulation .................................................................... 49 4.2 Cultural Capital Accumulation .............................................................................................................. 51 Incorporated and internalized cultural knowledge ............................................................................. 51 Direct insights and motivations ........................................................................................................... 53 Indirect insights and motivations......................................................................................................... 55 Educational milestones ........................................................................................................................ 56 Vocational choices ............................................................................................................................... 59 Autonomous endeavours and cultural-historical perspectives ............................................................ 63 Overview of analysis of cultural capital accumulation ....................................................................... 65 4.3 Social Capital Accumulation ................................................................................................................. 67 Collective investments and exchanges ................................................................................................. 67 The social evolution of the two art worlds in question ........................................................................ 68 To join or not to join? On the topic of artist collectives ...................................................................... 70 Organize thyself! On the topic individual and collective action ......................................................... 72 Express thyself! On the topic of social art and art as language .......................................................... 75 Overview of analysis of social capital accumulation .......................................................................... 77 4.4 Symbolic Capital Accumulation ............................................................................................................ 79 Classification and hierarchization ...................................................................................................... 79 Outreach, engagement and artistic growth ......................................................................................... 81 Success, failure and independence- the cornerstones of artistic fulfilment ......................................... 83 Overview of analysis of symbolic capital accumulation ...................................................................... 84 3 Chapter 5. Conclusion and Summary ...................................................................................................... 86 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 86 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 90 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 92 Appendix 1. Official Interview Questionnaire ........................................................................................... 95 Appendix 2. Endnotes: Additional information collected during the interview process ........................... 99 4 Disposition Chapter 1. Introduction contains an overview which outlines the main dilemmas