Journal of the Adventist Theological Society, 28/1 (2017): 132-160. Article copyright © 2017 by George R. Knight. The Controverted Little Book of Revelation 10 and the Shape of Apocalyptic Mission1 George R. Knight Professor Emeritus of Church History Andrews University If the contents of the little book of Revelation 10 are controverted, someone forgot to tell the founders of Seventh-day Adventism. William Miller, for example, in 1841 interpreted the little book that would be sweet in the mouth as being opened in 1798 as evidenced by the increased study of Daniel’s prophecies stimulated by events related to the French Revolution and the taking of the Pope captive by General Berthier.2 And Ellen White couldn’t have been more certain. “The book that was sealed,” she wrote in 1896, “was not the book of Revelation, but that portion of the prophecy of Daniel which related to the last days.” After quoting Daniel 12:4 and the sealing of his book until the time of the end, she noted that “when the book was opened, the proclamation was made, ‘Time shall be no longer.’ (See Revelation 10:6). The book of Daniel is now unsealed, and the revelation made by Christ to John is to come to all the inhabitants of the earth. By the increase of knowledge a people is to be prepared to stand in 1 The present article is by design a broad effort to tie together the major connecting links in the second halves of both Daniel and Revelation. As a result, it does not develop the exegetical aspects of many of the topics that it touches upon. Rather, it can be viewed as pointing to several exegetical studies that still need to be undertaken. 2 William Miller, “Chronological Chart of the World,” Signs of the Times, May 1, 1841, 20; William Miller, Evidence from Scripture and History of the Second Coming of Christ, about the Year 1843 (Boston: Joshua V. Himes, 1842), 100-114. 132 KNIGHT: CONTROVERTED BOOK OF REV 10 the latter days.”3 James White agreed wholeheartedly with his wife. He had no qualms in directly tying the opened (implying it had been shut) little book to the prophecy of Daniel 12:4 that would be sealed until the time of the end, at which time students would run to and fro in the Bible and knowledge of Daniel’s end-time prophecies would be increased. He went on to tie the sweetness of the little book to the joy of the discovery of the soon-coming Jesus and its bitterness to their disappointment. But James didn’t stop there. He went on to cite Revelation 10:11 that there was a further message of prophecy that must be taught to “many peoples and nations and tongues and kings.” He found that further message in the three angels’ messages of Revelation 14.4 The interpretive package was neat and clean. Furthermore, it matched the ongoing history of the Seventh-day Adventist movement. Unfortunately, almost no one outside of Adventist circles agreed or agrees with their tying the opened little book of Revelation 10 to the sealed book of Daniel. The interpretations of the little book would be many and diverse but the Adventists would be left standing nearly by themselves among a broad array of preterist, futurist, historicist, and idealist interpreters. We will look at the options presented. But first we need to see the place of Revelation 10 in the flow of the Apocalypse. Revelation 10 in the Onward Flow of the Apocalypse Nearly all commentators note that Revelation 10:1–11:13 represents an interruption or interlude between the sixth (Rev. 9:13-21) and seventh (Rev. 11:15–17) trumpets. And most see the same sort of interlude (Rev. 7) between the sixth (Rev. 6:12-17) and seventh (Rev. 8:1) seals. Beyond that, several point out that the two interludes deal with God’s people in troublous times. Thus, G. K. Beale writes that “just as the sixth seal was followed by an image of God’s ‘sealing’ of the saints, so also the sixth trumpet will be followed by a similar scene of God’s spiritual protection of 3 Ellen G. White, Selected Messages, Book Two (Washington, DC: Review and Herald, 1958), 105; cf. Ellen G. White, Testimonies to Ministers (Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press, 1962), 115. 4 James White, Life Incidents (Battle Creek, MI: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Assn., 1868), 210-216. 133 JOURNAL OF THE ADVENTIST THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY his people (the ‘measuring of the temple’).”5 In like manner, J. M. Ford writes that “measuring the holy and excluding the outsiders precedes the seventh trumpet just as the sealing of the elect preceded the seventh seal.”6 However, the function of the interlude between the last two trumpets appears to include more than just protection through the measurement of the saints. Thus, Beale points out that Revelation 10’s main point “is the recommissioning of the seer.” Basing his position on verse 11, Beale writes that “having digested the scroll, he must now make its contents known to others.” Thus he must “prophecy again” to “many peoples, and nations, and tongues, and kings.”7 G. R. Beasley-Murray makes a similar point when he writes that one function of Revelation 10 is to answer the question of “What is the task of the Church in these troublous times?” in terms of “John’s visions of the end.”8 With the parallelism of the two interludes in their relation to God’s people noted by some students of the Apocalypse, we now need to turn to the text of Revelation itself to highlight the flow of events. We will examine the interlude between the two final trumpets first. The order of events is as follows: 1. The sounding of the sixth trumpet, which represents troublous times (Rev. 9:13-21). 2. The interlude of Revelation 10:1–11:13, which partly represents a recommissioning of John (and by extension the Christian community) and God’s protection of His people. 3. The sounding of the seventh trumpet in Revelation 11:15, which represents the Second Advent and related events. (“The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ, and he 5 G. K. Beale and Sean M. McDonough, “Revelation,” in G. K. Beale and D. A. Carson, eds., Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2007), 1115. 6 J. Massyngberde Ford, Revelation, The Anchor Bible (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975), 177. 7 G. K. Beale, The Book of Revelation, The New International Greek Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999), 520, 553. 8 G. R. Beasley-Murray, The Book of Revelation, New Century Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1978), 168. 134 KNIGHT: CONTROVERTED BOOK OF REV 10 shall reign for ever and ever” [RSV]9). The flow of events in the seal sequence is quite similar. 1. The opening of the sixth seal (Rev. 6:12-17), which represents troublous times and takes earth’s history to the very frontier of the Second Advent. 2. The interlude of Revelation 7, which represents the sealing of God’s faithful ones prior to the final eschatological events (Rev. 7:1-3). 3. The opening of the seventh seal (Rev. 8:1), which from both the context of the sixth seal and the sealing of God’s people before the event would seem to call for the Second Advent. But here we find a surprise, with nothing but a silence that leads to the opening of the seven trumpets. Here we find an interesting problem. Readers expect to find the Second Advent, but are confronted by silence. But that does not mean that the silence does not represent the Second Advent. As G. B. Caird puts it, “the seventh seal is the End.” He goes on to imply that just as “nothing can happen after the sounding of the seventh trumpet,” so nothing can happen after the seventh seal. Thus “the End” is indeed “the End.”10 With that issue settled, Caird then makes a point pregnant with implications that is shared by David Aune. Namely, that Revelation 8:1 shades off into what follows in the book. As Aune notes, the opening of the seals is one thing and the opening of the sealed book another. After all, “the scroll,” he points out, “cannot be opened until all seven of the seals have been broken.” Thus “the contents of the scroll can only be the remainder of Revelation, i.e., 8:2–22:5.”11 That would make the seventh seal not merely the end of the seal sequence but a transition verse that links the seven seals to what follows, just as the mention of the throne in 3:21 not only closes the seven churches sequence but transitions to the throne scenes in chapters 4 and 5 and just as Revelation 11:18, 19 not only closes the seven trumpet sequence but also transitions to the chapters that 9 All Bible quotations are from the RSV unless otherwise noted. 10 G. B. Caird, The Revelation of St. John the Divine, Harper’s New Testament Commentaries (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1966), 104. 11 David E. Aune, Revelation 6-16, Word Biblical Commentary (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1998), 507. 135 JOURNAL OF THE ADVENTIST THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY follow.12 Thus, Revelation 8:1 could not only represent the expected End in the sense of the Advent, but also be a transition of what is yet to come in the Apocalypse.13 One further point that should be noted at this juncture is that late in the sequences of both the seals and trumpets we find a concern with the issue of time.