UNITED NATIONS SC UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/INF/7 Distr.: General 19 August 2013 English only Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee Ninth meeting Rome, 14–18 October 2013 Item 6 of the provisional agenda* Consideration of a draft risk profile on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Supporting information on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters Note by the Secretariat As indicated in document UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/6, supporting information related to the draft risk profile on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters is set out in the annexes to the present note. Annex I contains a supporting document for the draft risk profile and annex II sets out a review of regulatory instruments to minimize the risks and releases of toxic substances from the wood preservation industry. The annexes are reproduced as submitted by the intersessional working group and have not been formally edited. * UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/1. K1352896 260813 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/INF/7 Annex I PENTACHLOROPHENOL AND ITS SALTS AND ESTERS SUPPORTING DOCUMENT FOR THE DRAFT RISK PROFILE Draft prepared by the ad hoc working group on pentachlorophenol and its salts and esters under the POPs Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention 18 July, 2013 2 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/INF/7 Table of contents 1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 5 2 Summary of Information Relevant to the Risk Profile ...................................................................................... 11 2.1 Data sources ............................................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Chemical Identity ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Contaminants ........................................................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Status of the chemical under international conventions ........................................................................... 14 2.5 Prohibitions, bans and restrictions ........................................................................................................... 14 2.6 Sources and Uses ..................................................................................................................................... 15 2.7 Production and trade ................................................................................................................................ 17 2.8 Releases ................................................................................................................................................... 18 3 Fate and Behaviour of Pentachlorophenol and Pentachloroanisole ................................................................... 19 3.1 Physical and chemical properties relevant to the environment ..................................................................... 19 3.2 Abiotic transformation .................................................................................................................................. 21 3.2.1 Soil (hydrolysis and phototransformation) .............................................................................. 21 3.2.2 Water ....................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3 Air ........................................................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Biotransformation ......................................................................................................................................... 23 3.3.1 Aerobic Biotransformation ...................................................................................................... 23 3.3.2 Anaerobic Biotransformation ................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.3 Formation of PCA from Isolated Fungal and Bacterial Biotransformation Studies under Aerobic Conditions 29 3.3.4 Summary of Biotransformation ............................................................................................... 31 3.4 Aquatic Field Study ...................................................................................................................................... 48 3.5 Metabolism Information from HCB, lindane and quintozene ....................................................................... 52 3.6 Mobility ........................................................................................................................................................ 53 3.7 Potential for Long Range Transport ............................................................................................................. 53 3.8 Bioaccumulation ........................................................................................................................................... 54 3.8.1 Aquatic Organisms .................................................................................................................. 54 3.8.2 Terrestrial organisms ............................................................................................................... 56 3.9 Monitoring Information for PCP .................................................................................................................. 57 3.9.1 Water ....................................................................................................................................... 58 3.9.2 Air ........................................................................................................................................... 59 3.9.3 Sediment/Soil .......................................................................................................................... 59 3.9.4 Biota ........................................................................................................................................ 61 3.9.5 Human Biomonitoring Information for PCP ........................................................................... 62 3.10 Monitoring Information for PCA .................................................................................................................. 65 3.10.1 Air ........................................................................................................................................... 65 3.10.2 Sediment/Soil .......................................................................................................................... 65 3.10.3 Snow ........................................................................................................................................ 67 3.10.4 Water ....................................................................................................................................... 67 3 UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/INF/7 3.10.5 Biota ........................................................................................................................................ 69 3.10.6 Human Biomonitoring Information for PCA .......................................................................... 72 3.10.7 Summary of Monitoring Informmation ................................................................................... 72 3.11 Hazard Assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 73 3.11.1 Adverse effects on terrestrial organisms ................................................................................. 73 3.11.2 Adverse effects on aquatic organisms ..................................................................................... 74 3.11.3 Adverse effects on human health ............................................................................................ 78 3.12 Environmental Concentrations and Effects ................................................................................................... 88 3.13 Other Considerations .................................................................................................................................... 90 List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................... 92 References ................................................................................................................................................................... 94 APPENDIX I: Summary of data submitted by Parties and observers for information specified in Annex E of the Convention ................................................................................................................................................................ 113 APPENDIX II: Contaminant levels reported in Canadian PCP technical active ingredients. ................................... 115 APPENDIX III: Modelled Summary Output for PCP and PCA .............................................................................. 121 APPENDIX IV: FAOSTAT Import and Export Information for 2007-2011 ............................................................ 138 APPENDIX V: United Nations Consolidated List of Countries that have severely restricted or banned PCP.