European Manned Space Projects and related Technology Development Dipl.Ing. Jürgen Herholz Mars Society Deutschland Board Member marssociety.de EMC18 26-29 October 2018 [email protected] 1 European Projects - Overview SPACELAB HERMES ARD Scientific Research Laboratory Manned Spaceplane Unmanned Reenty Capsule SÄNGER COLUMBUS ATV Large 2-Stage Spaceplane ISS manned Research Module ISS Cargo Supply SHEFEX SPACELINER SKYLON ESM Hypersonic Large 2-Stage Single-Stage-To-Orbit Service Module Technology Demonstrator Spaceplane Spaceplane for ORION EMC18 26-29 October 2018 2 European Projects - Overview SPACELAB HERMES ARD Cancelled following extensive studies and pre-development Scientific Research Laboratory Manned Spaceplane Unmanned Reenty Capsule SÄNGER COLUMBUS ATV Cancelled (Linked to Hermes Program) Large 2-Stage Spaceplane ISS manned Research Module ISS Cargo Supply SHEFEX SPACELINER SKYLON ESM Hypersonic Large 2-Stage Single-Stage-To-Orbit Service Module Technology Demonstrator Spaceplane Spaceplane for ORION EMC18 26-29 October 2018 3 V. Braun-Origin of the US manned Space Program 1969 1st launch of men to the moon 1969-72 On the Moon Werner v. Braun and his team in Huntsville 1972-79 Skylab 1967 in front of Saturn 5 EMC18 26-29 October 2018 4 Skylab – the largest Space Habitat so far Hundreds of scientific experiments with European Participation ▪ Use of left-over Saturn 5 and Saturn 1B ▪ 2 launches (Saturn 5 and Saturn 1B) Skylab –using left-over APOLLO Hardware- Use of Saturn 1B as habitat Damaged during launch ▪ 2nd solar array torn of ▪ Micrometeorite protection (repaired) EMC18 26-29 October 2018 5 ESA/Industry Spacelab Team 1973 in front of the Skylab during final checkout at KSC EMC18 26-29 October 2018 6 Spacelab - Europe in the Shuttle Program At Cape Kennedy prior Spacelab in the orbiter payload bay integration into the Shuttle At work during a 14-days mission ▪ Main Shuttle payload ➢ 22 manned missions 1983-1989 ▪ Developed 1974-81 ▪ 2nd SPACELAB: Direct NASA contract ▪ Participation of 10 countries ▪ Scientific research in micro-gravity ▪ More than 100 different scientific experiment racks/drawers EMC18 26-29 October 2018 7 Microgravity Science on SPACELAB 1. Material Sciences At work during a 14-days mission ➢ Better and new materials 2. Biology and Biotechnology ➢ Progress in protein research 3. Human medicine ➢ Better knowledge of diseases ➢ Better medicaments 4. Astronomy ➢ Free sight outside the Earth‘s atmosphere 5. Plants ➢ Better knowledge on growth and diseases SPACELAB was the „Blueprint“ for the ISS for ➢ Life in the microgravity environment ➢ Laboratory construction ➢ Microgravity research EMC18 26-29 October 2018 8 Flight Configuration Max. Payload Spacelab Configurations IPS (stabilized precision carrier for Window Airlock observatory equipment) Pallet Laboratory Manned Unmanned Pallet Exposed to open space Spacelab with Pallet Tunnel to Orbiter HERMES Spaceplane Program Manned Space Transport for Europe EMC18 26-29 October 2018 10 Joint ESA/CNES Program Management ▪ ESA team introduces manned system experience Our Program Director Jean-Jacques Capart The ESA team in front of the HERMES Building „EULER“ in Toulouse EMC18 26-29 October 2018 12 Joint ESA/CNES Program Management ▪ ESA team introduces manned system design experience ▪ Establishment and control of HERMES system requirements 1990 Our Program Director Jean-Jacques Capart The ESA team in front of the HERMES Building „EULER“ in Toulouse EMC18 26-29 October 2018 13 Joint ESA/CNES Program Management ▪ ESA team introduces manned system design experience ▪ Establishment and control of HERMES system requirements ▪ Establishment, conclusion and control of contracts in 10 countries Our Program Director Jean-Jacques Capart The ESA team in front of the HERMES Building „EULER“ in Toulouse EMC18 26-29 October 2018 14 Joint ESA/CNES Program Management ▪ ESA team introduces manned system design experience ▪ Establishment and control of HERMES system requirements ▪ Establishment, conclusion and control of contracts in 10 countries ▪ Program results documented 1993 on more than 40 CD‘s Our Program Director Jean-Jacques Capart The ESA team in front of the HERMES Building „EULER“ in Toulouse EMC18 26-29 October 2018 15 HERMES Spaceplane - 1986 HERMES 1986 • Fully reusable • 15 t • > 3 t payload up and down • 1 week mission duration EMC18 26-29 October 2018 16 HERMES Spaceplane - 1986 • Launch with Ariane 5 • Landing on dedicated airport EMC18 26-29 October 2018 17 HERMES Mission - 1986 Servicing the European laboratory MTFF Derived from SPACELAB EMC18 26-29 October 2018 18 RM separated HERMES Configuration-Resource Module Burns up at entry Servicing De-Orbit Maneouvre HERMES Mission Scenario for MTFF Servicing Launch Kourou, French Guyane Refurbishment Transport to the Launchsite Transport to Bordeaux Landing in Spain EMC18 26-29 October 2018 19 HERMES Spaceplane - 1992 Largely extended mission requirements + MTFF Servicing ISS Servicing ➢ Alternative landing sites + + + ➢ 3000 km crossrange ➢ Mission duration up to 4 weeks MIR Servicing EURECA Servicing EMC18 26-29 October 2018 20 HERMES Spaceplane - 1992 Adaptation of HERMES Configuration HERMES 1992 Additional „Resource Module“ • Partially reusable ➢ 8 t of equipment in the Resource Module ➢ Resource Module lost at entry • 23 t • 3 t payload up and 1.5 t down EMC18 26-29 October 2018 21 Why a Resource Module ? Aerodynamic lateral ▪ Lateral force destabilizes the launcher load during ascent ▪ Maximum allowable wing area = 86 m2 ▪ Maximum spaceplane mass for 86 m2 wing area = 15 t * * Determined by HERMES entry and landing conditions Resource Module Ariane 5 EMC18 26-29 October 2018 22 Why a Resource Module ? Aerodynamic lateral ▪ Lateral force destabilizes the launcher load during ascent ▪ Maximum allowable wing area = 86 m2 ▪ Maximum spaceplane mass for 86 m2 wing area = 15 t * * Determined by HERMES entry and landing conditions Resource Mass increase between 1985 and 1992 Module 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 8 t „0verweight“ 23t Ariane 5 15 t Aerodynamic Ariane 5 limit EMC18 26-29 October 2018 23 Why a Resource Module ? Aerodynamic lateral ▪ Lateral force destabilizes the launcher load during ascent ▪ Maximum allowable wing area = 86 m2 ▪ Maximum spaceplane mass for 86 m2 wing area = 15 t * * Determined by HERMES entry and landing conditions Resource Mass increase between 1985 and 1992 Module 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 8 t „0verweight“ 23t Ariane 5 15 t Aerodynamic Ariane 5 limit ➢ 8 t of HERMES mass to be transferred to the Resource Module ➢ Orbit injection propulsion system ➢ Equipment no more needed for entry and landing after Resource Module separation EMC18 26-29 October 2018 24 HERMES Program Evolution 1980-1995 1980 1985 1992 CNES/French Industry Studies ESA/CNES Development Program 1983 1980 Ariane 4 Ariane 5 EMC18 26-29 October 2018 25 HERMES Program Evolution 1980-1995 1980 1985 1992 CNES/French Industry Studies ESA/CNES Development Program 1983 1986 1980 15 t 14 m Ariane 4 Ariane 5 EMC18 26-29 October 2018 26 HERMES Program Evolution 1980-1995 1980 1985 1992 CNES/French Industry Studies ESA/CNES Development Program 1983 1992 Additional 1980 „Resource Module“ 8 t 15 t 6 m 14 m Ariane 4 Ariane 5 EMC18 26-29 October 2018 27 HERMES Program Evolution Development Program terminated ESA Conference at 70 different configurations analyzed Continuation with Technology Program Ministerial Level 1980 1985 1992 1995 CNES/French Industry Studies ESA/CNES Development Program Technology Program 1983 1992 Additional 1980 „Resource Module“ 8 t 15 t 6 m 14 m Ariane 4 Ariane 5 EMC18 26-29 October 2018 28 HERMES Technology Program 1992-95 End of Development program ESA Conference at Ministerial Level 1992 1995 Technology Program Important knowledge gain on spaceplane system and equipment design EMC18 26-29 October 2018 29 Final HERMES Configuration Resource Module Spaceplane ▪ Burns in the atmosphere ▪ Fully reusable 100 times ▪ 30 missions in 15 years EMC18 26-29 October 2018 30 Final HERMES Configuration Up & down: 1.5 t cargo / experiments • Crew of 3 Fuel Cells • Ejection Seats Personal Stuff Galley Resource Module Spaceplane ▪ Burns in the atmosphere ▪ Fully reusable 100 times ▪ 30 missions in 15 years EMC18 26-29 October 2018 31 Final HERMES Configuration ▪ Up: 1.5 t cargo / experiments ▪ Down: up to 1.5 t garbage Up & down: 1.5 t cargo / experiments Docking • Crew of 3 Fuel Cells Adapter • Ejection Seats Personal Stuff Galley Propulsion Resource Module Spaceplane ▪ Burns in the atmosphere ▪ Fully reusable 100 times ▪ 30 missions in 15 years EMC18 26-29 October 2018 32 Reasons for HERMES Development Termination ▪ Political changes 1990-91 (German reunification) EMC18 26-29 October 2018 33 Reasons for HERMES Development Termination ▪ Increased program complexity/cost with the „Resource Module“ EMC18 26-29 October 2018 34 Reasons for HERMES Development Termination ▪ Mass, cost and schedule increase / uncertainty ➢ HERMES mass exceeding Ariane 5 capacity 6.5 B€ Development Cost ?? 23 t Mass 14 yrs 1992 Development 2 B€ Program duration 15 t 8 yrs 1985 EMC18 26-29 October 2018 35 Evolution of Requirements leading to Mass, Schedule and Cost Increase ▪ Mission requirements ➢ 1985: servicing of the MTFF ➢ 1992: Multiple mission scenarios ▪ Lessons learned ➢ Design complexity (e.g. CoG/CoP) ➢ Safety requirements • Crew Rescue (ejection seats / ejectable cabin) • Additional redundancies ▪ Operations requirements ➢ Meeting multiple mission operations requirements ➢ Maintainability requirements