shrink smart GGoovveerrrnnaannccee oofff SShhrrriiinnkkaaggee WWiiittthhiiinn aa EEuurrrooppeeaann CCoonnttteexxttt Work package 2 Urban shrinkage in Timisoara, Romania Research report D4 Comparable research report 30 March 2010 Bogdan Nadolu () Melinda Dinca Dan Luches The views expressed are the authors’ alone and do not necessarily correspond to those of other Shrink Smart partners or the European Commission. Comments and enquiries should be addressed to: Dr. Bogdan Nadolu, Room 333, The Faculty of Sociology and Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, 300223, Bd. V. Parvan no. 4, Timis County, Romania. Tel: +40 256 592320. Email: [email protected] SHRiNK SMaRT WP2-D4 Timisoara, Romania Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 2. PATTERNS OF URBAN SHRINKAGE 6 2.1. Reasons and premises 8 Demographics (population development and migration) 8 Economic development 9 Settlement system 11 Other factors 12 2.2 Trajectories of urban shrinkage 13 Spatial-temporal patterns 13 Dynamics 15 3. IMPACTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF URBAN SHRINKAGE 19 3.1. Patterns of segregation and social cohesion 19 3.2. Business and employment 20 3.3. Social infrastructure and education 23 3.4. Housing 26 3.5. Technical infrastructure 28 3.6. Land use and environmental quality 32 3.7. Municipal finances and budget 35 4. REFERENCES 37 5. ANNEX: Database 39 2 SHRiNK SMaRT WP2-D4 Timisoara, Romania LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Timișoara on Europe - 6 Figure 2 - Opera square and Orthodox Cathedral - 6 Figure 3 – Downtown with one of the last piece from the Timisoara’s Fortress - 6 Figure 4 – Orthodox Cathedral - 7 Figure 5 – The Catholic Dome - 7 Figure 6 – National Opera - 7 Figure 7 – 10 levels blocks into the summer storm – 7 Figure 8 – Population growing rate (%) – 8 Figure 9 – The insertion of the industrial platform between residential area and agreement area – 10 Figure 10 – Former industrial facilities very close by city centre - 10 Figure 11 – Former Shambles of Timisoara – an historical building – 11 Figure 12 – The evolution of the building of houses (national level) – 12 Figure 13 – The evolution of the population of Timisoara – 13 Figure 14 – Timisoara and the evolution of the suburban Centres – 14 Figure 15 – The comparative of the age structure 1990 vs. 2009 – 15 Figure 16 – The evolution of the age structure – 16 Figure 17 – The evolutions of the index of elderly, youth and ageing – 16 Figure 18 – The evolution of average age - 17 Figure 19 – The evolution of the natural change of population - 17 Figure 20 – The evolution of emigrants and immigrants – 18 Figure 21 – Distribution of population density in Timisoara – 19 Figure 22 – The evolution of the employees between 1991-2007 20 Figure 23 – The evolution of the employment by sector – 21 Figure 24 – The evolution of the employment by sector – 21 Figure 25 The population’s occupation rate – 22 Figure 26 The unemployment rate’s evolution – 22 Figure 27 – The evolution of the GDP – 22 Figure 28 - The evolution of the number of kindergartens in Timisoara – 23 Figure 29 The evolution of the number of children in Timisoara who regularly go to kindergarten – 23 Figure 30 - The dynamic of the average number of children reported to one kindergarten between 1992-2007 – 24 Figure 31 - The evolution of the number of children from Timisoara who regularly go to school – 25 Figure 32 - The average number of children enrolled in the schools of Timisoara – 25 Figure 33 – The evolution of number of doctors per 100,000 – 26 Figure 34 – Demolished building into the historical centre – 27 Figure 35 – The evolution of the routes length – 28 Figure 36 – The evolution of number of trams, trolleys and buses – 29 Figure 37 – The extension of the lines length – 29 Figure 38 – The evolution of number of passengers’ - 30 Figure 39 – The evolution of thermo energy and Hot water – 30 Figure 40 – The evolution of the Water mains system and the Sewerage networks 31 Figure 41 – The evolution of water demand and Wastewater (L/person/day) 31 Figure 42 – The evolution of waste disposal (kg/person) – 32 Figure 43 – Timisoara, Union Square – 32 Figure 44 The amount of the local budget during 2005-2009 – 35 Figure 45 – Structure of the local budget – 36 3 SHRiNK SMaRT WP2-D4 Timisoara, Romania LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - The report between industrial and agricultural jobs – 9 Table 2 – The sources of incomes at municipal budget (%) - 35 Table 3 – Population growing rate % (Figure 8) 39 Table 4 – The evolution of the building of houses - national level (Figure 12) 39 Table 5 - The evolution of the population of Timisoara (figure 13) 39 Table 6 - The comparative of the age structure 1990 vs. 2009 (Figure 15) 40 Table 7 - The evolution of the age structure (Figure 16) 49 Table 8 - The evolutions of the index of elderly, youth rate, ageing rate and average age (Figure 17 and Figure 18) 41 Table 9 - The evolution of the natural change of population (Figure 19) 41 Table 10 – The evolution of emigrants and immigrants (Figure 20) 42 Table 11 – The evolution of the employees between 1991-2007 (Figure 22) 42 Table 12 - The evolution of the employment by sector (Figure 23) 43 Table 13 – The evolution of the employment by sector Figure 24 43 Table 14 - The population’s occupation rate (Figure 25) 44 Table 15 - The unemployment rate’s evolution (Figure 26) 44 Table 16 - The evolution of the GDP in Timisoara – Euro (Figure 27) 44 Table 17 - The evolution of the number of kindergartens in Timisoara (Figure 28) 45 Table 18 - The evolution of the number of children in Timisoara who regularly go to kindergarten (Figure 29) 45 Table 19 - The dynamic of the average number of children reported to one kindergarten between 1992-2007 (Figure 30) 45 Table 20 - The evolution of the number of children from Timisoara who regularly go to school (Figure 31) 45 Table 21 - The average number of children enrolled in the schools of Timisoara (Figure 32) 46 Table 22 – The evolution of number of doctors per 100,000 inhabitants (Figure 33) 46 Table 23 – The evolution of the local transportations routes length (Figure 35) 46 Table 24 – The evolution of number of trams, trolleys and buses (Figure 36) 46 Table 25– The extension of the lines length (Figure 37) 47 Table 26 – The evolution of number of passengers’ (Figure 38) 47 Table 27– The evolution of thermo energy and Hot water (Figure 39) 47 Table 28 – The evolution of the Water mains system and the Sewerage networks (Figure 40) 47 Table 29 – The evolution of water demand and Wastewater (L/person/day) - Figure 41 48 Table 30 – The evolution of waste disposal (Kg/person) - Figure 42 48 Table 31 – Structure of the local budget (Figure 45) 48 4 SHRiNK SMaRT WP2-D4 Timisoara, Romania 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Timisoara is nowadays the 2nd city of Romania, an important economical, social and cultural urban centre. Until 1990, the city had a relatively continuous growing, natural at the beginning of the 19th century, but artificially accelerated during the communist period. After the political change, the city has started a natural process of reconfiguration, similar with the national and euro-regional trends. The decline of the Timisoara’s population was almost constant during 1990-2008 and, thus, it clearly reflects that the growing of the city under the totalitarian regime was not a functional, adequate or pertinent model. The statistical fact is eloquent: during 2 decades, Timisoara has lost 14% of its population. This paper tries to identify the reasons and the premises of the city shrinking, but in the same time, the impact and the consequences of the population decline. On the base of the statistical data, the shrinking of the city can be delimitated in 2 distinct periods: 1990 - 1999 and 2000-2010. For the 1990ies, the population decline can be explained by the decreasing of the birth rate (as a general behaviour at national level). Thus, from 1991 the natural spore has become negative, and the number of births was in continuous decreasing until in 2002. From 3,302 newborn babies in 1990, the natural spore has decreased to 2,201 in 2002 and after that it has increased back till 3,175 in 2008. From 1992 to 2007 the number of deaths was constantly higher than the number of births. The negative spore during this period has cumulated a decreasing of the population with 7,718 inhabitants (2.19%). All villages around Timisoara have known a significant process of development (the trend is to become a residential area, similar with West European models). The project for the metropolitan area of the local administration is directly connected with these trends. In the context of rural depopulation (specific for the entire national level), all the growing of the villages near the Timisoara represents actually a clear process of suburbanization. For the last decade, this is one of the most important causes for the shrinking phenomenon in Timisoara. During the last 7 years, the population from the 11 villages involved in the future metropolitan area has grown with 5,774 inhabitants (equivalent with 1.64% from the peak of Timisoara’s’ population). Another cause of this population decline was the migration. Thus, from 1994 until 2007, the number of persons that have moved from Timisoara in a foreign country was constantly higher than the number of foreigners that have established in Timisoara. During this period 11,684 of Timisoara’s inhabitants have moved away and 2,763 foreigners have moved in the city. These statistics cover especially the ethnic groups (firstly, the German population from Timisoara that have gone in Germany during the 90ies). By this phenomenon, Timisoara has lost 8,921 inhabitants (2.53%).