Durham E-Theses Liturgical developments in England under Henri VIII (1534-1547) DE-MEZERAC-ZANETTI, AUDE How to cite: DE-MEZERAC-ZANETTI, AUDE (2011) Liturgical developments in England under Henri VIII (1534-1547), Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3551/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 VOLUME 3 : RESUME EN ANGLAIS TABLE INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................7 A brief historiographical survey...................................................................................................8 Studying liturgical practice under Henry VIII...........................................................................10 The corpus of liturgical books ....................................................................................................12 Methodology ................................................................................................................................13 PART I: ENGLAND, THE PAPACY AND THE LITURGY......................................................21 CHAPTER 1: ENGLAND AND THE PAPACY............................................................................23 1. THE MEDIEVAL LEGACY................................................................................................................23 A. The power of the pope in England.........................................................................................23 i. Who converted the English ?.............................................................................................................. 23 ii. Kings against the Church ?................................................................................................................ 25 th B. England and the papacy at the beginning of the 16 century..............................................27 i. The Tudors and the pope .................................................................................................................... 27 ii. The English and Rome....................................................................................................................... 28 C. The pope in the English liturgy..............................................................................................30 i. References to popes of the past.......................................................................................................... 30 ii. Intercessions for the pope as a head of the Church and symbol of unity ....................................... 30 iii. Papal supremacy in the liturgy......................................................................................................... 31 iv. Indulgences........................................................................................................................................ 32 2. THE BREAK WITH ROME................................................................................................................33 A. The King’s great matter..........................................................................................................33 i. The causes of the crisis ....................................................................................................................... 33 ii. 1527-1531 : negotiations fail............................................................................................................. 33 iii. 1532-1534 : from schism to royal supremacy................................................................................. 34 B. A new ecclesiology..................................................................................................................34 i. The universal church of Christ and the national Churches............................................................... 34 ii. The pope in Henry’s England. .......................................................................................................... 36 3. REINTERPRETING THE HISTORY OF ANGLO-PAPAL RELATIONS ..................................................37 A. What King Lucius could do for Henry VIII ..........................................................................37 B. Henri II and John : victims of the papacy .............................................................................38 CHAPTER 2 : LITURGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE SCHISM.....................................43 1. OFFICIAL INSTRUCTIONS...............................................................................................................43 A. The regime’s orders................................................................................................................43 B. Information and episcopal enforcement................................................................................44 C. John Clerk’s injunctions.........................................................................................................46 2. IMPLEMENTING THE ORDERS IN THE PARISHES ............................................................................50 A. Typology ..................................................................................................................................50 - 1 - B. General analysis of the corpus ..............................................................................................53 C. Differences in technique, diversity in degree .......................................................................54 D. Interpreting liturgical defacings ...........................................................................................57 i. minimal conformity, mental restrictions and Nicodemism ...............................................................57 ii. practical implications : the case of the Exultet..................................................................................59 3. SUPPRESSING ALL MENTION OF PAPAL AUTHORITY ....................................................................61 A. Peter’s primacy and Rome, caput mundi ..............................................................................61 i. ‘Apostolorum princeps’.......................................................................................................................61 ii. Limits to the pope’s power.................................................................................................................62 iii. The city of Rome and papal institutions ..........................................................................................64 B. Papal power and Church discipline in the liturgy ...............................................................65 i. the sentence of excommunication or great curse ...............................................................................65 iii. Disciplining England after the schism..............................................................................................68 C. Indulgences .............................................................................................................................68 CONCLUSION : OBEDIENCE AND SEDITION IN PUBLIC PRAYER, THE LITURGICAL BATTLE FIELD. .71 A. To obey or to disobey: political and spiritual stakes ...........................................................71 B. Using the liturgy against the king and his policies ..............................................................72 PART II : THE LITURGY AND THE ROYAL SUPREMACY : PRAYING FOR THE KING AS SUPREME HEAD OF THE CHURCH..............................................................................73 CHAPTER 1 : REARRANGING THE PRAYERS OF INTERCESSION TO ‘DECLARE AND TEACH THE ROYAL SUPREMACY’ ......................................................................................75 1. REFORMING THE ‘BIDDING OF THE BEDES’ ..................................................................................76 A. What are the bidding prayers? ..............................................................................................76 i. Examples of bidding prayers...............................................................................................................77 ii. Common features and meaning of the bidding prayers....................................................................81 B. The new bidding prayers published by Cranmer in April 1534 ..........................................82 i. Oaths, sermons and prayers.................................................................................................................82 ii. The 1536 version ................................................................................................................................85 C. Reformed practice of the bidding prayers ............................................................................86 i. Books in use under Henry