Urban Structure for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics Olympics Written by Professor Yasushi Aoyama ， Meiji University Introduction Introduction The Tokyo 2020 Olympics will be similar to the London 2012 Olympics ，in that that both hosting cities are large and fully-developed. Holding the London Olympics Olympics in East London ultimately increased the city's value in that area Holding Holding the Olympics in Tokyo's city center and coastal area is expected to increase increase the city's value as we l1， particularly in Tokyo's coastal area. The urban structure of Tokyo's city center has changed significantly in recent recent years. Areas of development that stand out since moving into the 21st century century make up a central axis of Akasaka-Roppongi ，moving into Toranomon ， Shinbashi ， and exis 也19 Shiodome ， and extending to Hamamatsucho-Takeshiba. The original axis at the heart of Tokyo's city center stretches from Otemachi- Marunouchi-Yurakucho Marunouchi-Yurakucho into Yaesu and all of Nihonbashi ， which is also steadily developing. developing. A third axis ， which has spatially increased a great deal in recent years ， stretches from Tokyo's Tsukiji District to its coast 討町ea. To accommodate the 2020 Olympics ，仕出 Tsukiji-Coastal axis is to be further developed ，including improvements to its transportation system ， which has become a new issue. The Greater Tokyo Area's structure is to be developed in line with the Urban Structure for 出e Tokyo 2020 Olympics 39 Metropo litan Inter-City Expressway .which is about 100 kilometers in diameter . Originally . the plan was to ho ld the Tokyo 2020 Olympics exclusively at facilities within within Tokyo's city center and coastal area . but this was expanded to include numerous sports facilities throughout the Greater Tokyo Area and beyon d. This This change in pl ans w ill likely contribute to the deve lopment of the Greater Tokyo Area's Circular Megalopolis Structure. Various Various changes will be made to the city for the Olympic Games. In this report. report. 1 will provide an overhead view of the hosting plans in their current state state with the Tokyo 2020 Olympics four years away. 1 will also provide analysis of of the Tokyo city center's structural aspects in recent years. and how Tokyo 's urban urban structure is projected to change after the 2020 Olympics have ended 1. 1. The Current State of Plans for Hosting the Tokyo 2020 Olympics (1) (1) Overall plan At firs t. plans for hosting the Tokyo 2020 Olympics called for the main sports sports facilities to be limited to an area within eight ki l ometers in diameter from Figure 1:Venue Posit ion ing Concept for the Tokyo 2020 Olymp ics 噌，.闘 ' 宵-・ 宵 40 カ'パナンス研究 NO . 13 (2017 年) Harumi in Tokyo's Chuo Ward. These sports facilities are located in two basic sectors: sectors: the Heritage Zone ，which includes the National Stadium as the main Olympic Olympic facility ，and the Tokyo Bay Zone for swimming events ，etc. Di旺 ering from initial plans ， venues have been separated into various locations locations outside of Tokyo for a number of sports ， with wrestling ，fencing ，and taekwondo to be held at the Makuhari Messe in Chiba. basketball to be held at the the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama City ，sailing to be held at Enoshima Yacht Harbor in Fujisawa ，Kanagawa ，cycling (仕 ack) to be held at the Izu Velodrome in in Izu ，Shizuoka ，cycling (mountain bike) to be held at the Izu Mountain Bike Course Course in Izu ，Shizuoka ，etc. As a resul t. this plan somewhat diverges from the initial concept of a Compact Venue Plan ， but separating the venues in this manner allows for the utilization utilization of existing facilities ， which will significantly reduce financial costs ， avoid avoid the ill effects of concentrating numerous sports facilities in a single area ， 叩 d create an “ Olympic legacy" to last long after the Games have ended ， making the facilities popular among local citizens. As of August 2016 ， plans for facility positioning are as follows : • Heritage Zone ational N ational Stadium (opening/ closing ceremonies ， track & field ，footbal I) ，Tokyo Metropolitan Metropolitan Gymnasium (table tennis) ，Yoyo gI National Stadium (hand- bal I)， Nippon Budokan (judo) ，Imperial Palace Garden (cycling ， road racing) ， Tokyo International Forum Cweightlifting) ， Ryogoku Kokugikan (or Ryogoku Sumo Ha l!) (Boxing) 阻 Tokyo Bay Zone Urban Structure for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics 41 Newly-established Newly-established Ariake Arena (volleyba ll)， provisional Olympic BMX Course Course (cycling ，BMX) ，provisional Olympic Gymnastic Centre (gymnastics artistic ， gymnastics rhythmic ，trampoline) ， Ariake Tennis Park (t ennis) ， Odaiba Odaiba Marine Park (triathlon ，aquatics) ，Shiokaze Park (beach volleybal l)， Tokyo Big Sight Hall A (wrestling ， venue for MPC ，IBC) ，Tokyo Big Sight Hall Hall B (fencing ，taekwondo ， venue for MPC ， IBC) ， Seaside Park Hockey Stadium Stadium (hockey) ， Sea Forest Cross-Country Course (equestrian) ， Sea Forest Forest Waterway (rowing ，canoe ，sprint) ， Kasai Slalom Course (canoe ， slalom) ，Dream Island Archery Field (archery) ，newly-established Olympic Aquatics Aquatics Centre (aquatics ，diving ， synchronized swimming) ， Tatsumi Intemational Intemational Swimming Centre (waterpolo) 圃 Musashino Area Newly-established Newly-established Musashino Forest Sport Centre (football ， modem pentathlon ，badminton) ，Tokyo Stadium (modem pentathlon ，football ， rugby sevens) ， Musashino Forest Park (c ycling ， road racing) 圃 Other Areas in Tokyo Baji Baji Koen (equestrian) 園 Outside of Tokyo Asaka Shooting Range (shooting) ， Kasumigaseki Country Club (golf) ， Sapporo Sapporo Dome (football) ， Miyagi Stadium (footbal l)， Saitama Stadium (footbal l)， In temational Stadium Y okohama (footbal l)， Makuhari Messe (wrestling ，fencing ，taekwondo) ， Saitama Super Arena (basketbal l)， Enoshi- ma Yacht Harbor (sailing) ， Izu Velodrome (cycling ，track) ， Izu Mountain Bike Bike Course (cycling events ， mountain bike) 国 Related Facilities Harumi Wharf (Olympic and Paralympic Village) ， Tokyo Big Sight CIntemational CIntemational Broadcast Centre ，Main Press Centre) 42 42 ガパナンス研究 No. 13 (2017 年) • Additional Events In In August 2016 ， the IOC decided to add 18 events in five sports ，including basebal l! softball (with Yokohama Stadiurn as the rnain venue) ，karate (Nippon Budokan) ，skateboarding (Odaiba) ， sport clirnbing (Odaiba) ，surfing (Ic hino- rniya ， Chiba) ，etc. These events will surely add a new level of excitement to the Games ， but will also dernand higher financial costs. As seen above in the Tokyo Bay Zone description ， rnany facilities in 也at 訂 ea for Olyrnpic events are newly established ， and this will rnost likely spur on new developrnent of Tokyo's public transportation systern throughout the coastal coastal area ， such as the subway systern ， which 1 will cover later in detai l. In 加 rn ， Tokyo's urban structure rnay change significantly because of this. The following paragraphs provide a detailed look at construction plans for the the rnain facilities among thern ， along with a look at the current situation. (2) (2) National Stadium In In July 2012 ， the Japanese Olyrnpic Cornrnittee (headed by Japanese architect architect Tadao Ando) awarded Zaha Hadid first prize for her National Stadiurn Stadiurn design proposal. Since then ，there has been a great deal of controversy regarding regarding the decision. As seen in the photo ， the streamlined structure Zaha Hadid is known for gives 出is design a neo-futuristic appeal ， and resernbles an alien spacecraft hovering hovering above the outer gardens of Meiji Shrine ， with the skyscrapers of Shinjuku's Shinjuku's sub-center off in the distance. When the selection was rnade ，Tokyo was still competing with other candidate cities for the 2020 Surnmer Olympic Games ，and 由is particul 紅白sign was seen as a powerful statement of Tokyo's enthusiasm enthusiasm for the Olympics. Urban Structure for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics 43 Figure Figure 2: Zaha Hadid ' s design proposal for Japan' s National Olympic Stadium Stadium (provided by the Japan Sports Council) Various Various arguments against this design were expressed ， with the two main ones ones being: 1) it was not a good fit with the history and tradition associated with the the outer gardens of Meiji Shrine ， and 2) it was much too cost ly from an economic economic standpoin t. In July 2013 ，a certain design company reported a tota l construction construction cost for th is design of 346 .2 billion yen (roug hly 3.3 billion US dollars ) to the JOC ， which made costs the biggest point of contention and l ed to objections objections regarding Tokyo's share of costs The governor of Tokyo at that time ， Governor Yoichi Masuzoe (who later resigned) ， suddenly ca lled a meeting with the Minister of Education ，Culture ， Sports ， Science and Technology at the Metropo li tan Government Office ， to thoroughly thoroughly question him on cost allocation issues for the new Nationa lStadium ， and and the controversy further int ensified The role of a governor when dealing with an Olymp ic faci li ty construction situation situation such as this has tradit ional ly been to demonstrate leadership as t he hosting hosting city's chief representative ， to work toward a successfu l. well-balanced resul t. The controversy should have been dealt with by first figuring out how to deal deal with costs once Zaha's design was se lected ， and if too costly ，finding ways to to reduce expenses. But instead ，a dramatic conflict between Tokyo 's governor and and the Minister of Education