Integrated Tisza River Basin Management Plan Integrated Tisza River Basin Management Plan ICPDR / International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River / www.icpdr.org 1 Integrated Tisza River Basin Management Plan List of Acronyms 7 Acknowledgements 9 Disclaimer 10 List of Annexes 11 List of MAPS 12 Introduction 13 1.1 The Tisza River Basin 13 1.2 Cooperation in the Tisza River Basin 18 1.3 Towards Integrated Tisza River Basin Management 19 1.4 Specifics of ITRBM Plan compared to Danube River Basin Management Plan 19 1.5 Management issues and structure of the ITRBM Plan 20 2 Identified significant pressures 22 2.1 Surface waters 22 2.1.1Methodology for the identification of significant pressures in surface waters 22 2.1.1.1Methodology for the identification of organic, nutrient and hazardous substances pollution 22 2.1.1.2Methodology for the identification of hydromorphological alterations 23 2.1.2Organic pollution 23 2.1.2.1Organic pollution from urban wastewater 24 2.1.2.2 Organic pollution from industry 28 2.1.2.3 Organic pollution from agriculture 29 2.1.3Nutrient pollution 29 2.1.3.1Inter-linkage between organic and nutrient pollution 30 2.1.3.2Nutrient point source pollution 30 2.1.3.2.1 Nutrient pollution from urban wastewater 30 2.1.3.2.2 Industry 30 2.1.3.2.3 Nutrient point source pollution from agriculture 31 2.1.4Nutrient diffuse source pollution 31 2.1.4.1MONERIS – a model for point source and diffuse source emissions calculations 32 2.1.4.2Phosphate input via detergents 33 2.1.4.3Nutrient input via mineral fertilisers and livestock manure 33 2.1.4.4Nutrient input via atmospheric deposition 34 2.1.5Hazardous substances pollution 34 2.1.5.1Hazardous substances pollution – industrial sources 35 2.1.5.2Use of agricultural pesticides in the Tisza River Basin 35 2.1.5.3Accidental pollution and the inventory of accident risk spots in the Tisza River Basin 35 2.1.6Hydromorphological alterations 36 2.1.6.1River and habitat continuity interruption as a significant pressure 36 2.1.6.2Disconnection of adjacent wetlands/floodplains 38 2.1.6.3Hydrological alterations 39 ICPDR / International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River / www.icpdr.org 2 Integrated Tisza River Basin Management Plan 2.1.6.4Future infrastructure projects 40 2.2 Groundwater 42 2.2.1Introduction 42 2.2.2Groundwater quality 42 2.2.3Groundwater quantity 42 2.3 Integration of water quality and quantity issues 44 3 Protected areas 45 4 Monitoring network and ecological/chemical status 46 4.1. Water status assessment 46 4.1.1Surface waters - Ecological status/ecological potential and chemical status definition and methods46 4.1.2Transnational Monitoring Network in the Tisza River Basin - surface water monitoring network 46 4.1.3Confidence in the status assessment 48 4.2 Designated heavily modified water bodies 49 4.2.1Results for the final designation of heavily modified water bodies for all Tisza Basin rivers with catchment area >1,000km 2 50 4.2.2Results for the final designation of heavily modified water bodies for the Tisza River 51 4.2.3Results for the final designation of heavily modified water bodies for lakes 52 4.3 Ecological and chemical status 52 4.3.1Surface Waters 52 4.3.1.1Rivers 52 4.3.1.2Lakes 56 4.3.2Groundwater 56 4.3.2.1Groundwater monitoring network 56 4.3.3Status assessment methodology and threshold values (TVs) 57 4.3.4Status of groundwater bodies of basin-wide importance 58 4.3.5Groundwater quality 59 4.3.6Groundwater quantity 60 4.4 Gaps and uncertainties 62 5 Environmental objectives and exemptions 64 5.1. Environmental objectives 64 5.2. Exemptions according to WFD Articles 4(4), 4(5) and 4(7) 64 6. Economic analysis of water uses 66 6.1. EU Water Framework Directive economics 66 6.2. Results of economic analysis 2007 66 6.3. The Tisza economic analysis 2009 66 6.4. Description of relevant water uses and economic meaning 67 6.4.1The economic analysis of water use 67 6.4.1.1.Characteristics of water services 68 6.4.1.2.Characteristics of other water uses 69 ICPDR / International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River / www.icpdr.org 3 Integrated Tisza River Basin Management Plan 6.4.1.3.Present water consumption 69 6.5. Projecting trends in key economic indicators and drivers up to 2015 70 6.5.1.1.Projection of water demand 70 6.5.1.2.Projection of wastewater discharge 70 6.6. Economic control tools 70 6.6.1Cost recovery as an incentive for efficient use of water resources and as a financing instrument 70 6.6.1.1.Water pricing and pricing policies 71 6.6.2. Cost-effectiveness as a criterion for selecting measures to achieve reduction targets 72 6.7. Conclusions 72 7. Joint Programme of Measures 74 7.1. Surface waters: rivers 74 7.1.1.Organic pollution 74 7.1.1.1.Vision and management objectives 74 7.1.1.2.JPM approach to the 2015 management objectives 75 7.1.1.2.1. Baseline Scenario-UWWT 2015 (BS-UWWT): 75 7.1.1.2.2. Midterm Scenario-UWWT (MT-UWWT): 76 7.1.1.2.3. Vision Scenario-UWWT (VS-UWWT): 76 7.1.1.3.Summary of measures of basin-wide importance 76 7.1.1.3.1. Implementation of UWWTD 76 7.1.1.3.2. Results from calculated scenarios 77 7.1.1.3.3. Implementation of the Sewage Sludge Directive 77 7.1.1.3.4. Implementation of the IPPC Directive 77 7.1.1.3.5. ICPDR BAT industrial sector recommendations 78 7.1.1.3.6. Recommendation on BAT at agro-industrial point sources 78 7.1.1.3.7. Estimated effects of national measures on the basin-wide scale 78 7.1.2. Nutrient pollution 79 7.1.2.1.Vision and management objectives 79 7.1.2.2.JPM approach towards the 2015 management objectives 80 7.1.2.3.Summary of measures of basin-wide importance 80 7.1.2.3.1. Implementation of measures regarding urban wastewater treatment 80 7.1.2.3.2. Implementation of the EU Nitrates Directive 81 7.1.2.3.3. Implementation of Best Agricultural Practice 81 7.1.2.3.4. Implementation list of possible measures to control diffuse pollution 81 7.1.2.3.5. Basic considerations on the introduction of phosphate-free detergents 81 7.1.2.3.6. Scenarios for nutrient reduction 82 7.1.2.3.7. Nutrient reduction potentials until 2015 85 7.1.2.4.Estimated effects of national measures on the basin-wide scale 86 7.1.3. Hazardous substances pollution 88 7.1.3.1.Vision and management objectives 88 7.1.3.2.JPM approach towards the 2015 management objectives 88 7.1.3.3.Summary of measures of basin-wide importance 89 7.1.3.3.1. Implementation of measures regarding urban wastewater treatment 89 7.1.3.3.2. Implementation of measures regarding the industrial sector 89 7.1.3.3.3. Implementation of measures regarding the agricultural sector 89 ICPDR / International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River / www.icpdr.org 4 Integrated Tisza River Basin Management Plan 7.1.3.3.4. Implementation of measures regarding accidental pollution 89 7.1.3.4.Estimated effects of national measures on the basin-wide scale 90 7.1.4. Hydromorphological alterations 91 7.1.4.1.Hydromorphological alterations (1) - Interruption of river and habitat continuity - vision and management objectives 91 7.1.4.1.1. Vision and management objectives 91 7.1.4.2.JPM approach toward the management objectives by 2015 92 7.1.4.2.1. Summary of measures of basin-wide importance 92 7.1.4.2.2. Estimated effect of national measures on the basin-wide scale 94 7.1.4.3.Hydromorphological alterations (2) - Disconnection of adjacent floodplains/wetlands 95 7.1.4.4. Vision and management objectives 95 7.1.4.4.1. JPM approach toward the management objectives by 2015 95 7.1.4.4.2. Summary of measures of basin-wide importance 95 7.1.4.4.3. Estimated effects of national measures on the basin-wide scale 96 7.1.4.5.Hydromorphological alterations (3) - Hydrological alteration 96 7.1.4.5.1. Visions and management objectives 96 7.1.4.5.2. JPM approach toward the management objectives by 2015 – hydrological alteration 97 7.1.4.5.3. Summary of measures of basin-wide importance 2015 – hydrological alteration 97 7.1.4.5.4. Estimated effect of national measures on the basin-wide scale 98 7.1.4.6.Hydromorphological alterations (4) - Future infrastructure projects 98 7.1.4.6.1. Visions and management objectives 98 7.1.4.6.2. JPM approach toward the management objectives by 2015 – future infrastructure projects 99 7.1.4.6.3. Summary of measures of basin-wide importance 99 7.2. Groundwater 99 7.2.1.Introduction 99 7.2.1.1.Groundwater quality - Visions and management objectives 99 7.2.1.2.Groundwater quantity – Visions and management objectives 100 7.2.2.Groundwater quality - Summary of measures 100 7.2.3.Groundwater quantity - Summary of measures 101 8. Integration of water quality and water quantity issues 102 8.1. Introduction 102 8.1.1.Structure of this chapter 103 8.2. Pressures and impacts related to key water quantity management issues 104 8.2.1.Floods and excess water 104 8.2.1.1.Priority pressures end related impacts in connection to floods and excess water 104 8.2.2.Drought and water scarcity 106 8.2.2.1.Priority pressures and related impacts in connection to drought and water scarcity 107 8.2.3.Climate change in the Tisza River Basin 107 8.2.3.1.Reasons for integrating climate change adaptation issues into river basin planning 107 8.2.3.2.Responses to climate change 108 8.3.