Reports on Completed Research for the year 2010 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc. is a private operating foundation dedicated to the advancement of anthropology throughout the world. Through a variety of programs, the foundation aids research in all branches of anthropology and closely related disciplines concerned with human origins, development, and variation. This report is a compilation of edited abstracts for completed research, submitted by grantees in 2010 as stipulated in their grant agreements. The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropolocial Research, Inc. 470 Park Ave. South, 8th Floor North • New York, NY 10016-6819 Phone: 212.683.5000 • FAX: 212.683.9151 REPORTS ON COMPLETED RESEARCH The following research projects, supported by Foundation grants, were reported as complete during 2010. The reports are listed by subdiscipline and geographic area (where applicable), in alphabetical order. A Bibliography of Publications resulting from Foundation-supported research (as reported for the same period) follows, as well as an Index of Grantees Reporting Completed Research. ARCHAEOLOGY Africa: DR. NATALIE J. SWANEPOEL, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa, received a grant in January 2007 to aid research on “A Regional Archaeology of Trade, Warfare, and Big Men in Pre-Colonial Northern Ghana.” The aim of this research was to investigate the linkages between trade, big men, and defensive sites in 19th-century northwestern Ghana. Research was carried out at the sites of Gwollu, Busumu, and Wutoma in the Sisala East and Sisala West Districts of Ghana’s Upper West Region. Field surveys and excavations at the sites yielded information about defensive tactics, iron production, and trade networks. Oral historical interviews and research into the colonial archives informed on some of the socio-political linkages between different sites on the landscape. A comparative study of these sites demonstrates that communities had highly individual responses to the situation of insecurity and that these responses were determined by a host of factors, including: their proximity or access to a naturally defensible site, such as a hilltop; the pattern of leadership in the community; their relationships with their neighbors; their economic position and skills; and their relationship to slave-raiding groups, who existed as a powerful political force on the landscape. DR. SARAH C. WALSHAW, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada, received a grant in May 2007 to aid research on “Food Production Viewed from the Fields: Contributions from Swahili Ethnoarchaeology on Pemba Island, Tanzania.” Archaeological plant assemblages from several communities on Pemba Island, Tanzania, contain significant amounts of grain and chaff, suggesting that rice and pearl millet were stored in a largely unprocessed form. Ethnoarchaeological research was undertaken among farming communities on Pemba Island, where rice, sorghum, and pearl millet are farmed using non- mechanized techniques (such as hand-harvesting) to model the small-scale tropical farming systems of the Swahili. Observation of, and participation in, farming on Pemba Island helped explain several patterns seen archaeologically. First, hand harvesting eliminated weeds in the field and may be implicated in the infrequency of weed seeds in ancient houses and middens. Second, grains for food and seed were stored in the house to permit monitoring of amount and condition. Third, grains were reportedly stored in their husks to reduce loss from microbial and insect infestation, pest predation, and human over-use and theft. Labor constraints also posed significant pressures in this household-based agricultural economy, leading harvesters to spread the arduous tasks of processing throughout the year— small amounts of grain were processed for each day’s meal as required. This study demonstrates some of the agricultural and social motives for household-based agricultural practices, and provides a model for interpreting archaeobotanical patterns evident in ancient small-scale rice and millet farming systems. 2 Asia and the Near East: ELIZABETH BRIDGES, then a student at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, received a grant in April 2008, to aid research on “Regional Political Authority under the Vijayanagara Empire: Archaeology of the Keladi-Ikkeri Nayakas,” supervised by Dr. Carla M. Sinopoli. This project investigated the Keladi-Ikkeri Nayakas, regional kings who ruled under the Vijayanagara Empire from 1500 to 1614 and as independent sovereigns from 1614 to 1763. This project is based on archaeological survey at the first and second capitals of the Nayaka kings, occupied in the imperial and early independent periods. Archaeological fieldwork was conducted during three seasons between 2007 and 2009; Wenner-Gren funding supported the completion of fieldwork in the final season and subsequent analysis of artifacts. Archaeological fieldwork was conducted at the sites of Keladi and Ikkeri in Shimoga District, Karnataka State, India. A full-coverage survey over 18 sq-km comprising the former urban cores at both sites located and documented a total of 238 sites. Support also funded archival research on historical sources held in the British Library; the documents examined included unpublished translations of relevant literature, and early colonial survey and census data relevant to establishing site chronology. These and other lines of evidence indicate that while the empire was instrumental in supporting the development of Nayaka power, regional rulers were functionally highly autonomous. This picture represents a contrast to many other archaeologically known empires whose processes of regional integration relied on relations of domination and resistance. DR. ANDREW S. FAIRBAIRN, University of Queensland, Brisbaine, Australia, was awarded a grant in April 2008 to aid research on “The Origins of Farming in the Konya Plain, Central Anatolia.” Analysis of seeds, fruits, and chaff from the Neolithic site of Boncuklu in Central Anatolia has shown that the settlement saw use of domestic crop species from its earliest occupation, including glume and free-threshing wheat and legumes. The crop remains were accompanied by small amounts of edible fruits, in the form of terebinth (Pistacia), almond (Amygdalus) and hackberry (Celtis). Analysis of the weed flora suggests that the site produced its own crops as well as consumed them and that crops were grown, at least in part on the wetter sub-environments of the surrounding landscape. Farming may have been focused in inteinsively tended patches including spaces on the floodplain itself, which contrasts to the main phase of settlement at Çatalhöyük. When considered in context the findings support the notion of a gradualist spread of agriculture into Central Anatolia, challenging the existing dominant hypothesis that cites rapid appearance of a package driven by demic diffusion. Further research will refine this picture further. CHARLES W. HARTLEY, then a student at University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, received an award in October 2008 to aid research on “Crafting the State: Community, Pottery, and Political Culture in the Luoyang Basin, North China, 3000-1500 BCE,” supervised by Dr. Adam T. Smith. This project focused on a larger sample from the Huizui site rather than splitting effort among five sites as originally planned, which created a statistically richer sample. The core of the project and the research questions remain targeted toward improving our understanding of: 1) potting techniques and pottery technology in the Chinese neolithic and early bronze periods; and 2) the role that seemingly mundane objects like pots play in the social and political development of human society. The change in focus opened up new possibilities for the project. Most importantly, the level of descriptive detail accomplished in terms of technical and stylistic analysis holds promise for a much deeper understanding of, one the one hand, the technological capabilities of this society, and on the 3 other hand, the social and political currents during the periods covered in the study. Each of these possibilities make a significant contribution to the field of Chinese archaeology in particular by improving our understanding of ceramic technology and technical pathways in particular, but also subjective materiality in general, as well as the interplay between object- constituted society and human-constituted materiality. MATTHEW V. KROOT, then a student at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, received a grant in October 2009 to aid research on “Early Villages of the Dead Sea Basin: Transitions in Pre-Pottery Neolithic Social Organization,” supervised by Dr. Henry Tutwiler Wright III. The goal of “Assal-Dhra” Archaeological Project (ADAP)—an excavation and survey project focused on the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN: 9,750-6,300 BCE) site of al- Khayran in west-central Jordan—is to produce a diachronic regional model of the earliest development of village farming communities in the area. ADAP uses a combination of excavation and survey data from al-Khayran and other PPN projects within the area, along with paleo-resource reconstructions and ethnological modeling of small-scale foraging and farming communities to move beyond a cultural-historical sequence of social formations through time by modeling the socio-cultural forces that produced these social formations. Excavations at al-Khayran uncovered a single structure from the PPN. Associated with