TITLE OF THE PROJECT SOME STUDIES OF HEAVY METALS IN VEGETABLES IN NAVI MUMBAI INDUSTRIAL AREA MAHARASHTRA FINAL PROJECT REPORT Principal Investigator Mr. Mohite R.D. Associate Professor in Chemistry Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College, Vashi Navi Mumbai 400703 [File No.47-311/12(WRO) 20th Feb 2013] Report Submitted to the University Grants Commission (UGC) Bahadur Shah Jafar Marg, New Delhi-110002 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1:1Sources of contamination 1:2 Natural sources of heavy metals 1:3Agricultural sources of heavy metals 1:4Industrial sources of heavy metals 1:5 Domestic effluents 1:6 other sources 1.7Aim and Objectives:- CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Krishna et al., 2005 2.2 Srinivasa et al., 2008 2.3 Govil et al., 2008 2.4 Rajesh Kumar et al., 2008 2.5 Sezgin Bakirdere et al., 2008 2.6 Ganesh Ramdas Bhagure et al., 2010 2.7 Pradip K et al., 2010 2.8 Dasaram B et al., 2011 2.9 Gandhimathi A et al., 2012 2.10 Monika Kharub et al., 2012 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODs 3.1. STUDY AREA 3.1.1 Geography: 3.1.2 Location and Connectivity: 3.1.3 Geology 3.1.4 Climate 3.1.5Temperature 3.1.6 Rainfall 3.1.7 Humidity 3.1.8Wind 3.1.9 Soil CHAPTER 4 4.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION 4.2 METHODS 4.3 Heavy metal accumulation in different Unwashed Urban vegetables selected from different sites. Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 4.4 Concentrations (mg/kg) of heavy metals in vegetables from sector-26 vashi Navi Mumbai CHAPTER 5 5.1 Result and Discussion 5.2 Conclusion References ABSTRACT Study Area Navi Mumbai, formerly known as New Bombay, is a city on the west coast of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was developed in 1972 as a twin city of Mumbai, and is one of the largest planned cities in the world, with a total area of 344 km² and 163 km². Navi Mumbai lies on the mainland on the eastern seaboard of Thane Creek and spreads over parts of two districts of Maharashtra; Thane, and Raigad. The region is hilly in some parts, and certain areas of the region are protected wetlands. Navi Mumbai is a part of South Konkan coast line. This coastal line joins Sahyadri mountain ranges to the south and 50 to 100 m high hills to the east. Thus the Navi Mumbai area lies between mountain ranges and a coast line. The most developed areas of Navi Mumbai are Vashi is the queen of Navi Mumbai. Has been selected for the case study since numerous sources emit trace metals including several major and minor industries located near the city. Majority of industries such as refineries, chemicals fertilizers are located in MIDC.the vegetables are cultivated in a close proximity to the emission sources of trace metals. Sample Collection Samples were collected from sector 26 Airoli Navi Mumbai in the year 2013, These farmland were chosen for this study mainly because the vegetables harvested from these farmlands are supplied to the residents in these areas and also marketed to the nearby markets for public consumption. Vegetable samples including Kardai, Red Mat, Spinach, and Mayalu were collected from plots and samples were harvested in a 1m x1 m quadrant. Vegetables were handpicked using vinyl gloves and carefully packed into polyethylene bags. Only the edible parts of each vegetable were used for analysis. In addition, soil samples were collected from the sites form where the vegetables were taken. Vegetable samples were divided into two sub-samples; one sub-sample was thoroughly washed several times with tap water followed by distilled water to remove dust particles and the second sub-sample was left untreated. All vegetable samples were oven dried at 80°C for 24 hrs. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I duly acknowledge University Grants Commission Bhadur Shah Jafar Marg.New Delhi-110002 for financial assistance. I am highly indebted the Principal. Dr. V. S. Shivankar. Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil college Vashi,Navi Mumbai for his invaluable guidance.it is due to his endorsing efforts,patience and enthusiasm,which has given a sense of direction and purposefulness to this project and ultimate made it a success. I would also like to express our deep regards and gratitude to my wife Mrs.Vaishali, Daugther Shruti and son Vishwajeet Mohite. I would like to tender my sincere thanks to the faculty members ,Administrative staff of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College, Vashi Navi Mumbai for their cooperation . I would wish to thank my friends who have helped me all the time in one way or the other . Really it is highly impossible to repay the debit of all the people who have directly or indirectly helped me for performing the project CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Heavy metals are significant environmental pollutants; and their toxicity is a problem of increasing significance for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental reasons. The term „„heavy metals‟‟ refers to any metallic element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentration (Lenntech Water Treatment and Air Purification 2004). „„Heavy metals‟‟ in a general collective term, which applies to the group of metals and metalloids with atomic density greater than 4 g/cm3, or 5 times or more, greater than water (Hawkes 1997). However, chemical properties of the heavy metals are the most influencing factors compared to their density. Heavy metals include lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), silver (Ag) and the platinum group elements. Heavy metal which causes objectionable effects, impairing the welfare of the environment, reducing the quality of life and may eventually cause death. Such a substance has to be present in the environment beyond a sector tolerance limit. which may be poisonous or toxic and will cause harm to living things in the polluted environment. Heavy metals are largely found in dispersed form in rock formations. Industrialization and urbanization have increased the anthropogenic contribution of heavy metals in biosphere. Heavy metals have largest availability in soil and aquatic ecosystems and to a relatively smaller proportion in atmosphere as particulate or vapors. Heavy metal toxicity in plants varies with plant species, specific metal, concentration, chemical form and soil composition and pH, as many heavy metals are considered to be essential for plant growth. Some of these heavy metals like Cu and Zn either serve as cofactor and activators of enzyme reactions (Mildvan 1970) or exert a catalytic property such as prosthetic group in metalloproteins. These essential trace metal nutrients take part in redox reactions, electron transfer and structural functions in nucleic acid metabolism. Some of the heavy metal such as Cd, Hg and As are strongly poisonous to metal-sensitive enzymes, resulting in growth inhibition and death of organisms. An alternative classification of metals based on their coordination chemistry, heavy metals that come under non-essential trace elements, which are highly toxic elements such as Hg, Ag, Pb, Ni (Nieboer and Richardson 1980). Some of these heavy metals are bio-accumulative, and they neither break down in the environment nor easily metabolized. Such metals accumulate in ecological food chain through uptake at primary producer level and then through consumption at consumer levels. Plants are stationary, and roots of a plant are the primary contact site for heavy metal ions. In aquatic systems, whole plant body is exposed to these ions. Heavy metals are also absorbed directly to the leaves due to particles deposited on the foliar surfaces. Heavy metal emission Heavy metals can be emitted into the environment by both natural and anthropogenic activities. The major causes of emission are the anthropogenic sources specifically mining operations (Nriagu 1989). In some cases, even long after the mining activities have ceased, the emitted metals continue to persist in the environment. Peplow (1999) reported that hard rock mines operate from 5–15 years until the minerals are depleted, but metal contamination that occurs as a consequence of hard rock mining persist for hundreds of years after the cessation of mining operations. Apart from mining operations, mercury is introduced to the environment through cosmetic products as well as manufacturing processes like making of sodium hydroxide. Heavy metals are emitted both in elemental and in compound (organic and inorganic) forms. Anthropogenic sources of emission are the various industrial point sources including former and present mining sites, foundries and smelters, combustion by-products and traffics (UNEP/GPA 2004). Cadmium is released as a by-product of zinc (and occasionally lead) refining; lead is emitted during its mining and smelting activities, from automobile exhausts (by combustion of petroleum fuels treated with tetraethyl lead antiknock) and from old lead paints; mercury is emitted by the degassing of the earth‟s crust. Generally, metals are emitted during their mining and processing activities (Lenntech Water Treatment and Air Purification 2004). Environmental pollution by heavy metals is very prominent in areas of mining, and old mine sites and pollution reduces with increasing distance away from mining sites (Peplow 1999). These metals are leached out and in sloppy areas are carried by acid water downstream or run off to the sea. Through mining activities, water bodies are most emphatically polluted (Garbarino et al. 1995; INECAR 2000). The potential for contamination is increased when mining exposes metal-bearing ores rather than natural exposure of ore bodies through erosion (Garbarino et al. 1995), and when mined ores are dumped on the earth surfaces in manual decreasing processes. Through rivers and streams, the metals are transported as either dissolved species in water or an integral part of suspended sediments,(dissolved species in water have the greatest potential of causing the most deleterious ffects).