Integrated Watershed Conservation and Management Plan: Sardu Watershed, Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE Front.pmd 1 5/5/2011, 3:04 PM Front.pmd 2 5/5/2011, 3:04 PM Copy right: © 2011 IUCN Nepal Published by: IUCN Nepal Country Office Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is permitted without prior written consent from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other non-commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. ISBN: 978-9937-8222-8-2 Editing, Design & Layout: Amit Pradhan Available from: IUCN Nepal, P.O. Box 3923, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: (977-1) 5528781, Fax: (977-1) 5536786 E-mail: [email protected], URL: http://iucnnepal.org Front.pmd 3 5/5/2011, 3:04 PM Front.pmd 4 5/5/2011, 3:04 PM Study Team Steering Committee Rajendra Khanal, IUCN Nepal Banshi Moktan, CETD Nepal Arjun Niraula, APEC Nepal Deepak Paudel, Lead Consultant Fulltime Technical Team Deepak Paudel, Watershed Management and Climate Change, Hydrologist Prakash Karn, Environmental Economist Dambar Singh Pujara, GIS Sanjeeb Dhungal, Social Data Management Sachin Shrestha, Social Data Management Thematic Team Dil Kumar Limbu, Biologist V.N. Jha, Livestock Management Sharmila Ranabhat, Gender & Social Inclusion Management Logistic Team Indira Kandel, Meteorologist Rajendra Rimal, Field Coodinator Kedar Neupane, Logistic Management & Field Coordinator Keshab Rijal, Logistic Management & Field Coordinator Balandu Hamal, Logistic Management & Field Coordinator Ananda Shrestha, Logistic Management & Field Coordinator Rajendra Mishra, Gauge Reader ii Front.pmd 6 5/5/2011, 3:04 PM Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ i Study Team ....................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iii List of Photos ..................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... xi List of Annexes .................................................................................................................. xii Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................1 1.2 The need for the Study ................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Methodoloy................................................................................................................... 4 1.5.1 Desk Work: Literatures Review, Watershed Delineation , Mappings, and Questionnaire Preparation ................................................................................ 5 1.5.2 Field Work: Thematic Map Verification, Sampling, Household Survey, Multi-stakeholder Consultations, Key Informants Interviews ........................ 6 1.5.3 Office Work: Data Entry, Processes, Analysis and Report Preparation Stakeholder Consultation Meetings and Report Preparation ............................... 9 1.6 Expected Outcome ...................................................................................................... 9 1.7 Sardu Watershed Management Plan: Vision, Mission, Guiding Principles and Objectives .................................................................................................................... 9 1.7.1 Vision .................................................................................................................. 9 1.7.2 Mission ............................................................................................................... 9 1.7.3 Objectives of the Plan ...................................................................................... 10 1.7.4 Principles of Watershed Management............................................................ 10 iii Front.pmd 7 5/5/2011, 3:04 PM Chapter 2: Study Area: Sardu Watershed................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Physiography ................................................................................................................11 2.3 Geology ....................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Climate, Drainage Network and Hydrology ................................................................ 13 2.4.1 Climate................................................................................................................ 13 2.4.2 Drainage Networks and Drainage Density: Sardu River System ............... 14 2.5 Socio-economic Profile and Responses ...................................................................... 17 2.5.1 Demography and Population Projection ....................................................... 17 2.5.2 Economic Activities, Production, and Food Sufficiency .............................. 19 2.5.3 Energy Consumption and Fuel wood Demand Projection........................... 23 2.5.4 Awareness and Responses................................................................................ 23 2.6 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 3: Physical Assessment: Land use, Land capability, Risks and Water Status .................................................................................................. 29 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 29 3.2 Land Use Change and Land Capability ...................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Landform and Land systems of the Watershed .............................................. 29 3.2.2 Slope Classes of the Watershed ...................................................................... 31 3.2.3 Existing Land use and Land cover (LULC) and Practices .......................... 34 3.2.4 Land Use Changes............................................................................................ 35 3.2.5 Soil loss Prediction from the Watershed ......................................................... 39 3.2.6 Land Capability Classification........................................................................ 40 3.3 Climatic Trends and Risks to Disasters ....................................................................... 42 3.3.1 The Context ........................................................................................................ 42 3.3.2 Climatic Trends .................................................................................................. 43 3.3.3 Vulnerable System/Sectors ............................................................................... 44 3.3.4 Risks Specific .................................................................................................... 44 iv Front.pmd 8 5/5/2011, 3:04 PM 3.3.5 Integration of DRR and CCA .......................................................................... 49 3.4 Water Status................................................................................................................. 50 3.4.1 Specific to Water Availability........................................................................... 50 3.4.2 Specific to Existing Water Supply System from the Watershed .................... 52 3.4.3 Water Demand and Supply from Sardu Watershed ....................................... 54 3.4.4 Specific to Water Quality ................................................................................. 54 3.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 4: Bio-diversity Condition in the Watershed ............................................. 58 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 58 4.2 Floral Diversity ............................................................................................................. 58 4.3 Fauna Diversity ............................................................................................................ 59 4.4 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 5: