Family: Pinaceae Taxon: Abies nordmanniana Synonym: Abies equi-trojani (Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss.) M Common Name: Nordmann Christmastree Abies nordmanniana f. aurea (Beissn.) Rehder Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmuelleriana Turkey fir Abies pectinata var. equi-trojani Asch. & Sint Caucasian fir Pinus nordmanniana Steven Abies bornmuelleriana Mattf. Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 2 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 8/20/2012 Abies nordmanniana (Pinaceae) Page 1 of 9 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 2 Print Date: 8/20/2012 Abies nordmanniana (Pinaceae) Page 2 of 9 Supporting Data: 101 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "Many authors have studied the CAB International, Wallingford, UK differences (in particular morphological ones) between fir species in south- eastern Europe, but even today the taxonomy and systematic significance of fir present in Asia Minor are not completely understood. Some authors distinguish three species: Abies nordmanniana, Abies bornmuelleriana and Abies equi- trojani, which extend progressively from north-east to south-west of the overall distribution area. If this is the case, its natural area of distribution would be restricted to the mountains of northern Turkey and western Caucasus. Others, for example, Arbez (1967), indicate that only one species occurs throughout the entire Caucasus and northern Turkey: Abies nordmanniana. The total area would thus extend from the slopes of Mount Ida (Kaz Daglari) to the western spurs of the Caucasus and Dogu Karadeniz mountains in north east Turkey. It is clear, therefore, that the problem of fir species taxonomy in Asia Minor and the southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula requires further research (Vidakovic, 1991)." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 0-Low] "between 44°N and CAB International, Wallingford, UK 39°N" [Although would be suitable to higher elevations of some tropical islands, such as Maui and Hawaii islands] 202 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Quality of climate match data 2-High] CAB International, Wallingford, UK 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "A. nordmanniana CAB International, Wallingford, UK occurs at 600-2200 m altitude, preferring shady sites; it lives in pure stands or mixed with other species." [Elevation range >1000 m] 204 2004. Richardson, D.M./Rejmánek, M.. Conifers [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive evidence] "Appendix List of naturalized or invasive (in bold) conifers (Pinopsida), framework. Diversity and Distributions. 10: based on hundreds of published and unpublished sources and the unpublished 321–331. data and personal observation of the authors over more than a decade." … "A. nordmanniana (Great Britain; New Zealand)" [Considered naturalized, but not invasive] 204 2009. Eckenwalder, J.E.. Conifers of the world: [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No the complete reference. Timber Press, Portland, evidence] "Mountains surrounding the Black Sea on the northeast, east, and OR south, from southernmost Russia through Georgia and Armenia to Turkey west to Ulu Dag [Mount Olympus] … Caucasian fir is a handsome tree of the cool, humid Black Sea mountains, including the western Caucasus and Pontic Mountains, where the trees can reach an age of 500 years." 205 2000. Jonsell, B. (ed.). Flora Nordica. Volume 1. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Lycopodiaceae to Polygonaceae. The Bergius range? Norway] "Distribution. Nowadays mainly planted for Christmas tree Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of production. - D common in forestry, and as an ornamental. N fairly rare in Sciences, Stockholm forestry. S occasional as an ornamental, rare in forestry, rarely escaping. F very rarely cultivated for ornament in the south; not hardy. Fa occasional in plantations and as an ornamental." 205 2002. Simberloff, D./Relva, M.A./Nunez, M.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Gringos en el bosque: introduced tree invasion in range? northern Patagonia] "Appendix. Tree species introduced to Isla Victoria" a native Nothofagus/Austrocedrus forest. [Includes Abies nordmanniana] Biological Invasions. 4: 35–53. 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] "It was introduced into Europe in 1838 (Normandy), principally as an ornamental tree. It has occasionally been used for reforestation in France and is becoming increasingly popular as a Christmas tree in many northern European countries." 205 2006. Krivanek, M./Pysek, P./Jarosik, V.. Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Planting History and Propagule Pressure as range? Czech Republic] "Table 1. Alien tree species planted in the Czech Predictors of Invasion by Woody Species in a Republic for forestry purposes and included in the study." [Not recorded as Temperate Region. Conservation Biology. 20(5): naturalized] 1487–1498. Print Date: 8/20/2012 Abies nordmanniana (Pinaceae) Page 3 of 9 301 2002. Heenan, P.B./de Lange, P.J./Cameron, [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Significant Range Extensions of Fully E.K./Champion, P.D.. Checklist of dicotyledons, Naturalised Taxa" … "Abies nordmanniana (Steven) Spach Caucasian fir FIRST gymnosperms, and pteridophytes naturalised or NORTH ISLAND RECORDS: AK 202960, R. O. Gardner 6243, 23 Aug 1991, casual in New Zealand: Additional records Auckland, Auckland City, Western Park; AK 242747, E. K. Cameron 9975,6 Dec 1999–2000. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 1999, Waikato, Hamilton City, Waikato University campus. NOTES: Numerous 40(2): 155-174. seedlings in the vicinity of cultivated trees. In the South Island known from Canterbury (Webb et al. 1988, p. 47)." 301 2004. Richardson, D.M./Rejmánek, M.. Conifers [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Appendix List of naturalized or invasive as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive (in bold) conifers (Pinopsida), based on hundreds of published and unpublished framework. Diversity and Distributions. 10: sources and the unpublished data and personal observation of the authors over 321–331.