Food and Chemical Toxicology 84 (2015) S42eS49 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food and Chemical Toxicology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox Short review RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, isophytol, CAS Registry Number 505-32-8 * A.M. Api a, , D. Belsito b, S. Bhatia a, M. Bruze c, P. Calow d, M.L. Dagli e, W. Dekant f, A.D. Fryer g, L. Kromidas a,S.LaCavaa, J.F. Lalko a, A. Lapczynski a, D.C. Liebler h, V.T. Politano a, G. Ritacco a, D. Salvito a, T.W. Schultz i, J. Shen a, I.G. Sipes j, B. Wall a, D.K. Wilcox a a Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA b Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA c Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo SE-20502, Sweden d University of Nebraska Lincoln, 230 Whittier Research Center, Lincoln, NE 68583-0857, USA e University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP 05508-900, Brazil f University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany g Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA h Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA i The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN 37996-4500, USA j Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA article info ₂₀ ₄₀ Article history: 4. Molecular Formula: C H O Received 8 May 2015 5. Molecular Weight: 296.54 Accepted 18 June 2015 6. RIFM Number: 1180 Available online 25 June 2015 Keywords: Genotoxicity 2. Physical data Repeated dose toxicity/developmental and reproductive toxicity Skin sensitization 1. Boiling Point: 334.88 C[EPI Suite] Phototoxicity/photoallergenicity 2. Flash Point: >200 F; CC [FMA database] Local respiratory toxicity 3. Log KOW: >6.0 (upper limit of validity of method) [RIFM, 1999b], Environmental toxicity 8.23 [EPI Suite] 4. Melting Point: 70.18 C[EPI Suite] 5. Water Solubility: 0.003893 mg/L [EPI Suite] 6. Specific Gravity: 0.852 [FMA database] 7. Vapor Pressure: <0.001 mm Hg 20 C [FMA database], (calcu- lated) 0.00000734 mm Hg @ 20 C[EPI Suite 4.0], (calculated) 1. Identification 1.41e-005 mm Hg @ 25 C[EPI Suite] 8. UV Spectra: Does not absorb in the region of 290e400 nm; 1. Chemical Name: Isophytol molar absorption for this range is below the benchmark À À 2. CAS Registry Number: 505-32-8 (1000 L mol 1 cm 1) 3. Synonyms: Isophytol, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-1-hexadecen-3-ol, 9. Appearance/Organoleptic: Colorless clear viscous liquid with a 1-Hexadecen-3-ol,3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, low/mild, floral, herbal, and green odor.* *http://www. , 3,7,11,15-Tetramethylhexadec-1-en- thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1045431.html, retrieved 3-ol 12/17/13 * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.M. Api). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.014 0278-6915/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A.M. Api et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 84 (2015) S42eS49 S43 Version: 050515. This version replaces any previous versions. Name: Isophytol CAS Registry Number: 505-32-8 Abbreviation list:2-Box Model e a RIFM, Inc. proprietary in silico tool used to calculate fragrance air exposure concentration 97.5th percentile- The concentration of the fragrance ingredient is obtained from examination of several thousand commercial fine fragrance formulations. The upper 97.5th percentile concentration is calculated from these data and is then used to estimate the dermal systemic exposure in ten types of the most frequently used personal care and cosmetic products. The dermal route is the major route in assessing the safety of fragrance ingredients. Further explanation of how the data were obtained and of how exposures were determined has been previously reported by Cadby et al. (2002) and Ford et al. (2000). AF- Assessment Factor BCF- Bioconcentration factor DEREK- Derek nexus is an in silico tool used to identify structural alerts DST- Dermal Sensitization Threshold ECHA-European Chemicals Agency EU e Europe/European Union GLP- Good Laboratory Practice IFRA- The International Fragrance Association LOEL- Lowest Observable Effect Level MOE- Margin of Exposure MPPD - Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry. An in silico model for inhaled vapors used to simulate fragrance lung deposition NA e North America NESIL- No Expected Sensitization Induction Level NOAEC- No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration NOAEL- No Observed Adverse Effect Level NOEC- No Observed Effect Concentration OECD- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD TG- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Testing Guidelines PBT- Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic PEC/PNEC- Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration QRA- quantitative risk assessment REACH- Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals RIFM- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials RQ- Risk Quotient TTC- Threshold of Toxicological Concern UV/Vis Spectra- Ultra Violet/Visible spectra VCF- Volatile Compounds in Food VoU- Volume of Use vPvB- (very) Persistent, (very) Bioaccumulative WOE e Weight of Evidence RIFM's Expert Panel* concludes that this material is safe under the limits described in this safety assessment. This safety assessment is based on RIFM's Criteria Document (Api et al., 2014) and should be referred to for clarifications. Each endpoint discussed in this safety assessment reviews the relevant data that were available at the time of writing (version number in the top box is indicative of the date of approval based on a two digit month/day/year), both in the RIFM database (consisting of publicly available and proprietary data) and through publicly available in- formation sources (i.e., SciFinder and PubMed). Studies selected for this safety assessment were based on appropriate test criteria such as, acceptable guidelines, sample size, study duration, route of exposure, relevant animal species, most relevant testing endpoints, etc. A key study for each endpoint was selected based on the most conservative end-point value (e.g., PNEC, NOAEL, LOEL, and NESIL). *RIFM's Expert Panel is an independent body that selects its own members and establishes its own operating procedures. The Expert Panel is comprised of internationally known scientists that provide RIFM guidance relevant to human health and environmental protection. Summary: The use of this material under current use conditions is supported by the existing information. This material was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization potential as well as environmental safety. Repeated dose toxicity was determined to have the most conservative systemic exposure derived NO[A]EL of 25 mg/kg/day, based on an OECD 415 gavage one-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats, that resulted in a MOE of 1923 while assuming 100% absorption from skin contact and inhalation. A MOE of >100 is deemed acceptable. Human Health Safety Assessment Genotoxicity: Not genotoxic (OECD SIDS, 2003: Isophytol; RIFM, 1990; RIFM, 1989a) Repeated Dose Toxicity: NOAEL ¼ 25 mg/kg/day (OECD SIDS, 2003: Isophytol) Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity: NOAEL ¼ 500 mg/kg/day (OECD SIDS, 2003: Isophytol) Skin Sensitization: Not sensitizing (OECD SIDS, 2003: Isophytol; RIFM, 1970a; RIFM, 1970b; RIFM, 1981) Phototoxicity/Photoallergenicity: Not phototoxic/photoallergenic (UV Spectra, RIFM DB; RIFM, 1982) Local Respiratory Toxicity: No NOAEC available. Exposure is below the TTC. Environmental Safety Assessment Hazard Assessment: Persistence: Critical Measured Value: 62%e80% (RIFM, 1999a; RIFM, 1989b) Bioaccumulation: Screening Level: 840.4 L/kg (EPISUITE ver 4.1) Ecotoxicity: Critical Ecotoxicity Endpoint: Daphnia EC50: 0.13 mg/L (ECHA REACH dossier accessed 14 May 2013; see Section 9) Conclusion: Not PBT or vPvB as per IFRA ENV Stds Risk Assessment: Screening-Level: PEC/PNEC (North America and Europe) > 1(Salvito et al., 2002) Critical Ecotoxicity Endpoint: Daphnia EC50: 0.13 mg/L (ECHA REACH dossier accessed 14 May 2013; see Section 9) RIFM PNEC is: 0.026 mg/L Revised PEC/PNECs (2011 IFRA VoU): North America and Europe <1 S44 A.M. Api et al. / Food and Chemical Toxicology 84 (2015) S42eS49 3. Exposure 1. Volume of Use (worldwide band): 1e10 metric tons per year [IFRA, 2011] 2. Average Maximum Concentration in Hydroalcoholics: 0.44% [IFRA, 2007] 3. 97.5th Percentile: 0.47% [IFRA, 2007] 4. Dermal Exposurea: 0.0120 mg/kg/day [IFRA, 2007] 5. Oral Exposure: Not available 6. Inhalation Exposuresb: 0.001 mg/kg/day [IFRA, 2007] 7. Total Systemic Exposure (Dermal þ Inhalation): 0.013 mg/kg/day a Calculated using the reported 97.5th percentile concentration based on the levels of the same fragrance ingredient in ten of the most frequently used personal care and cosmetic products (i.e., anti-perspirant, bath products, body lotion, eau de toilette, face cream, fragrance cream, hair spray, shampoo, shower gel, and toilet soap). (Cadby, 2002; Ford, 2000). b Combined (fine fragrances, hair sprays, antiperspirants/deodorants, candles, aerosol air fresheners, and reed diffusers/heated oil plug-ins) result calculated using RIFM's 2-Box/MPPD in silico models, based on the IFRA survey results for the 97.5th percentile use in hydroalcoholics for a 60 kg individual. 4. Derivation of systemic absorption 7. Natural occurrence (discrete chemical) or composition (NCS) 1. Dermal: Assumed 100% 2. Oral: Data not available e not considered. Isophytol is reported to occur in the following foods1 and in 3. Inhalation: Assumed 100% some natural complex substances (NCS): 4.