The Biology of Amphibians Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation [email protected] 678 379 TOAD (8623) Phyllomedusidae: Agalychnis annae 3.1-2: Frog Biology, Taxonomy & Biodiversity Hylidae: Dendropsophus ebraccatus Salientia jumping beasts Beezlebufo sp. † CLassification of Order: Anura † Triadobatrachus Ascaphidae Leiopelmatidae Bombinatoridae Alytidae (Discoglossidae) Pipidae Rhynophrynidae Scaphiopopidae Pelodytidae Megophryidae Pelobatidae Heleophrynidae Nasikabatrachidae Sooglossidae Calyptocephalellidae Myobatrachidae Alsodidae Batrachylidae Bufonidae Ceratophryidae Cycloramphidae Hemiphractidae Hylodidae Leptodactylidae Odontophrynidae Rhinodermatidae Telmatobiidae Allophrynidae Centrolenidae Hylidae Dendrobatidae Brachycephalidae Ceuthomantidae Craugastoridae Eleutherodactylidae Strabomantidae Arthroleptidae Hyperoliidae Breviceptidae Hemisotidae Microhylidae Ceratobatrachidae Conrauidae Micrixalidae Nyctibatrachidae Petropedetidae Phrynobatrachidae Ptychadenidae Ranidae Ranixalidae Dicroglossidae Pyxicephalidae Rhacophoridae Mantellidae A B † 3 † † † Actinopterygian Coelacanth, Tetrapodomorpha †Amniota *Gerobatrachus (Ray-fin Fishes) Lungfish (stem-tetrapods) (Reptiles, Mammals)Lepospondyls † (’frogomander’) Eocaecilia GymnophionaKaraurus Caudata Triadobatrachus 2 Anura Sub Orders Super Families (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) 1 Archaeobatrachia A Hyloidea 2 Mesobatrachia B Ranoidea 1 Anura Salientia 3 Neobatrachia Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Salientia Temnospondyls † to Batrachia Tetrapods Caudata Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Triadobatrachus sp. Triadobatrachus † CLassification of Order: Anura † Triadobatrachus Ascaphidae Leiopelmatidae Bombinatoridae Alytidae (Discoglossidae) Pipidae Rhynophrynidae Scaphiopopidae Pelodytidae Megophryidae Pelobatidae Heleophrynidae Nasikabatrachidae Sooglossidae Calyptocephalellidae Myobatrachidae Alsodidae Batrachylidae Bufonidae Ceratophryidae Cycloramphidae Hemiphractidae Hylodidae Leptodactylidae Odontophrynidae Rhinodermatidae Telmatobiidae Allophrynidae Centrolenidae Hylidae Dendrobatidae Brachycephalidae Ceuthomantidae Craugastoridae Eleutherodactylidae Strabomantidae Arthroleptidae Hyperoliidae Breviceptidae Hemisotidae Microhylidae Ceratobatrachidae Conrauidae Micrixalidae Nyctibatrachidae Petropedetidae Phrynobatrachidae Ptychadenidae Ranidae Ranixalidae Dicroglossidae Pyxicephalidae Rhacophoridae Mantellidae A B † 3 † † † Actinopterygian Coelacanth, Tetrapodomorpha †Amniota *Gerobatrachus (Ray-fin Fishes) Lungfish (stem-tetrapods) (Reptiles, Mammals)Lepospondyls † (’frogomander’) Eocaecilia GymnophionaKaraurus Caudata Triadobatrachus 2 Anura Sub Orders Super Families (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) 1 Archaeobatrachia A Hyloidea 2 Mesobatrachia B Ranoidea 1 Anura Salientia 3 Neobatrachia Batrachia Lissamphibia *Gerobatrachus may be the sister taxon Salientia Temnospondyls † to Batrachia Tetrapods Caudata Osteichthyes Sarcopterygian (Bony Fishes) (Lobe-fin Fishes) The Biology of Amphibians amphibbio.amphibianfoundation.org Large number of pre- Reduction in number of sacral vertebrae (14) pre-sacral vertebrae (7-9) Vertebrae extend through Vertebrae are fused post- sacrum into caudal (tail) sacrum into the urostyle region Elongation of ilium and ischium to allow saltation Triadobatrachus sp. † Lithobates sp. Skull Phalanges Metacarpals Atlas fused to Post-cranial II (or not, pleisiomorphy) Scapula Radioulna Humerus Pre-sacral Vertebrae (7) Phalanges Sacrum Ilium Femur Metatarsals Urostyle Tibiofibula Calcaneum Astragalus skeletal anatomy Ischium Pre-maxilla Nasal Maxilla Front-parietal Pterygoid Quadratojugal Occipital condyles Exoccipital Skull characters: fenestrate, huge orbits, not skeletal anatomy a lot of bone. Anura no tail Order: Gymnophiona (10 Families, 207 sp.) Family: Rhinatrematidae (11 sp.) Family: Ichthyophiidae (57 sp.) Family: Scolecomorphidae (6 sp.) Family: Chikilidae (4 sp.) Family: Herpelidae (10 sp.) Family: Caeciliidae (42 sp.) Family: Typhlonectidae (14 sp.) Family: Indotyphlidae (23 sp.) Family: Dermophiidae (14 sp.) Family: Siphonopidae (26 sp.) Order: Caudata (9 Families, 717 sp.) Family: Cryptobranchidae (3 sp.) Family: Hynobiidae (67 sp.) Family: Sirenidae (4 sp.) Family: Ambystomatidae (37 sp.) Family: Salamandridae (120 sp.) Family: Proteidae (8 sp.) Family: Rhyacotritonidae (4 sp.) Family: Amphiumidae (3 sp.) Family: Plethodontidae (471 sp.) Order: Anura (52 Families, 6901 sp.) Allophrynidae Savage, 1973 (3 sp.) Mantellidae Laurent, 1946 (217 sp.) Alsodidae Mivart, 1869 (26 sp.) Megophryidae Bonaparte, 1850 (214 sp.) Alytidae Fitzinger, 1843 (12 sp.) Micrixalidae Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001 (24 sp.) Arthroleptidae Mivart, 1869 (149 sp.) Microhylidae Günther, 1858 (1843) (648 sp.) Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923 (2 sp.) Myobatrachoidea Schlegel, 1850 (132 sp.) Batrachylidae Gallardo, 1965 (14 sp.) Nasikabatrachidae Biju and Bossuyt, 2003 (2 sp.) Bombinatoridae Gray, 1825 (8 sp.) Nyctibatrachidae Blommers-Schlösser, 1993 (37 sp.) Brachycephaloidea Günther, 1858 (1102 sp.) Odontobatrachidae Barej, et al, 2014 (5 sp.) Brevicipitidae Bonaparte, 1850 (35 sp.) Odontophrynidae Lynch, 1969 (53 sp.) Bufonidae Gray, 1825 (604 sp.) Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850 (4 sp.) Calyptocephalellidae Reig, 1960 (5 sp.) Pelodryadidae Günther, 1858 (210 sp.) Centrolenidae Taylor, 1951 (155 sp.) Pelodytidae Bonaparte, 1850 (5 sp.) Ceratobatrachidae Boulenger, 1884 (97 sp.) Petropedetidae Noble, 1931 (12 sp.) Ceratophryidae Tschudi, 1838 (12 sp.) Phrynobatrachidae Laurent, 1941 (91 sp.) Conrauidae Dubois, 1992 (6 sp.) Phyllomedusidae Günther, 1858 (63 sp.) Cycloramphidae Bonaparte, 1850 (36 sp.) Pipidae Gray, 1825 (41 sp.) Dendrobatoidea Cope, 1865 (314 sp.) Ptychadenidae Dubois, 1987 (59 sp.) Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871 (203 sp.) Pyxicephalidae Bonaparte, 1850 (84 sp.) Heleophrynidae Noble, 1931 (7 sp.) Ranidae Batsch, 1796 (389 sp.) Hemiphractidae Peters, 1862 (109 sp.) Ranixalidae Dubois, 1987 (17 sp.) Hemisotidae Cope, 1867 (9 sp.) Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932 (1858) (416 sp.) Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815 (710 sp.) Rhinodermatidae Bonaparte, 1850 (3 sp.) Hylodidae Günther, 1858 (47 sp.) Rhinophrynidae Günther, 1859 (1 sp.) Hyperoliidae Laurent, 1943 (227 sp.) Scaphiopodidae Cope, 1865 (7 sp.) Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869 (4 sp.) Sooglossidae Noble, 1931 (4 sp.) Leptodactylidae Werner, 1896 (1838) (204 sp.) Telmatobiidae Fitzinger, 1843 (63 sp.) Frogs The first vertebrates to vocalize on land Hylidae: Dendropsophus microcephalus Males communicate to females (and other males) through a series of auditory sounds. The most prominent of which is the advertisement call. Hylidae: Hyla cinerea Anatomy of a Frog Call Anaxyrus fowleri | FOWLER’S TOAD Frogs of the World Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923 (2 sp.) Tailed Frogs are found in the northwestern United States. Genera (1): Ascaphus Stejneger, 1899 (2 sp.) They are considered the most primitive of the modern frogs (Anura). Synapomorphies The most striking feature of this group is the external copulatory organ (an everted extension of the cloaca), used during internal fertilization, which takes place under water in fast flowing streams. Tadpoles have large sucker-like mouths (gastromyzophory) to aid in clasping to rocks while they feed. Tadpoles may take up to 7 years to metamorphose, although 4 is average. They are small, brown or gray, have reduced lungs, and vertical pupils. Males do not vocalize. Morphological features for this group are: 1) 9 presacral vertebrae; 2) sternum cartilaginous, omosternum present; 3) urostyle with one condyle; 4) free ribs present on 3rd, 4th, and 5th vertebrae; 5) pectoral girdle arciferal; 6) clavicle overlies scapula; 7) maxilla and premaxillae contain teeth; 10) sartorious not a separate muscle; 11) aquatic larvae (Type III); 12) pupil vertically elliptical; 13) internal fertilization. Ascaphidae Fejérváry, 1923 (2 sp.) Ascaphidae: Ascaphus truei Triadobatrachus sp. † Lithobates sp. (14) (8) Ascaphidae: Ascaphus truei (9) Ascaphidae: Ascaphus montanus Leiopelmatidae. Mivart, 1869 (4 sp.) Bell Frogs are found in New Zealand. Genera (1): Leiopelma Fitzinger, 1861 Synapomorphies Adults guard their clutches of direct-developing eggs. Young of L. hamiltoni and L. archeyi climb onto the backs of parents to complete their development. Leiopelmatids are nocturnal and catch their prey by lunging at it, as they do not have protrusible tongues (unlike most frogs). They also use alternating kicks when swimming (unlike most frogs). This family does not vocalize, but frogs are known to squeak when molested. These frogs possess: 1) inscriptional ribs (cartilage embedded within abdominal muscle); 2) nine presacral vertebrae (as in Ascaphidae); 3) retention of caudalipuboischiotibialis ("tail-wagging") muscles (as in Ascaphidae). Ascaphus and Leiopelma share many primitive characters, and there are apparently no derived characters that unite them as closest relatives. However, DNA sequences consistently place Ascaphidae and Leiopelmatidae as closest relatives. Leiopelmatidae. Mivart, 1869 (4 sp.) Leiopelmatidae: Leiopelma archeyi Leiopelmatidae: Leiopelma archeyi Bombinatoridae. Gray, 1825 (8 sp.) Fire-belly Toads are found in Eurasia, Phillipines and Borneo. Genera (2): Barbourula Taylor and Noble, 1924 (2 sp.) Bombina Oken, 1816 (6 sp.) Synapomorphies Species of Bombina are active during the day and have aposematic coloration ventrally.