EART 65: Natural History of Dinosaurs - Final Exam: Version A This test has 75 questions, each worth 2 points. You may use your two page "cheat sheet". No electronics. Turn in your scantron and this question sheet when you leave. FIRST 25 QUESTIONS: FROM FIRST TWO-THIRDS OF THE CLASS (50 pts total) 1. What was the name of the first dinosaur described in a scientific paper? a. Scelidosaurus b. Megalosaurus c. Iguanodon d. Troodon 2. Some mythical beasts may be based on people seeing and trying to understand dinosaur fossils. a. True b. False 3. Richard Owen, an early dinosaur worker, viewed dinosaurs as active, bird-like animals, which affected scientific and public views of dinosaurs for much of the next century. a. True b. False 4. Which of the following is an example of a body fossil? a. a foot print b. a coprolite c. a fossil feather d. all the above 5. Which of the following taphonomic processes affects organic remains before burial? a. trampling b. cementation c. compaction d. all the above 6. A key principle that allowed workers to put local columns of rock in relative temporal order was the __________. a. principle of superposition b. principle of inclusions c. principle of cross cutting relations d. all the above 7. Biological evolution is the theory that organisms are connected by ancestor-descendent links and that they change through time. a. True b. False 8. Which of the following is a component of the Theory of Natural Selection, as proposed by Darwin? a. Based on their particular traits, organisms show differences in fitness (i.e., mating ability, fertility, fecundity or survivorship) b. The existence of transitional intermediates (missing links) in the fossil record. c. Inheritance of information from parent to offspring was particulate (i.e., based on genes and not simple blending). d. All the above 9. Two shared derived characters uniting the Chordates are the possession of a nerve cord and a stiff notocord on their dorsal surface. a. True b. False 10. The skull below, which has one temporal opening behind the eye (per side of the head), is referred to as ____________________. a. euryapsid b. diapsid c. anapsid d. synapsid 1 11. The earliest dinosaurs, Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor, were large, quadrupedal carnivores. a. True b. False 12. The first dinosaurs appeared about ________ million years ago. a. 300 b. 250 c. 230 d. 200 13. Bipedality and upright quadrupedal locomotion are both solutions to the problem of simultaneous walking and breathing that living reptiles experience. a. True b. False 14. A shared derived trait that unites the Saurishcia is a lizard-hipped pelvis with a forward projecting pubis. a. True b. False 15. Which of the following is a group of bird-like theropod dinosaurs with relatively big brains and long fore limbs? a. Herrerrasaurus b. Coelurosauria c. Carnosauria d. all the above 16. The herbivorous saurischian dinosaur in the figure below, with a huge thumb claw and long cervical vertebrae, is a _______________. a. Pisanosaurus b. sauropod c. prosauropod d. ornithopod 17. Sauropods had low encephalization quotients. a. True b. False 18. One reason researchers suspect stegosaur dorsal plates may have been used for thermoregulation is that their surfaces were highly vascularized. a. True b. False 19. Ankylosaurs defended themselves using tails bearing large spikes. a. True b. False 20. How did large dinosaurs deal with the fact that leg strength does not increase as fast as the stress on the legs as bodies grow larger? a. Kept the proportions of the leg constant as size increased. b. Kept legs straight when walking. c. Lived in water to support weight. d. All of the above 21. Some herbivorous vertebrates are small and picky, consuming plant plants that are rich in easily digested nutrients. a. True b. False 22. It is unlikely that “fat-head” pachycephalosaurs directly butted heads because they lack structures to align the domes during strikes, and therefore would have experienced dangerous glancing blows. a. True b. False 23. Early ornithopods, such as heterodontosaurs, had complex dental batteries that allowed them to chew their food finely in their mouths. a. True b. False 2 24. The dinosaur figured below, with horns and frills, is a ______________. a. psittacosaur b. pachycephalosaur c. ornithopod d. ceratopsid 25. Analysis of skull structure suggests that some hadrosaurid ornithopods may have communicated using vocalizations. a. True b. False NEXT 50 QUESTIONS: MOSTLY FROM THE LAST ONE-THIRD OF THE CLASS MATCHING. Fill in the blanks using words from the list below. Pick the word that most closely fits the definition or sentence (30 pts. total) 26. In _____________ the chief source of heat energy to keep the body in the optimal temperature range comes from the external environment. 27. In _____________ the chief source of heat energy to keep the body in the optimal temperature range is internal and comes from metabolic activity. 28. In _____________ the internal body temperature is kept relatively constant (± about 2°C). 29. The _____________ of a dinosaur can be calculated using relationships based on modern animals if we know the cross-sectional area of its limb bones. 30. The _____________ equals stride length divided by leg length. 31. A replica of the internal volume of the brain case is called an _____________. 32. Offspring that are fairly helpless when born and need to be cared for by their parents are called _____________. As a consequence, their parents have few offspring at time. 33. The most common birds of the Mesozoic were the _____________. 34. The first flying vertebrates were Permian _____________. 35. From the position of the __________ within the skull, we can deduce the angle at which the head was held relative to the ground in pterosaurs and other animals. 36. The _____________ are marine reptiles with squat bodies, paddle-like limbs, long necks, and small heads. 37. Relative to fish, amphibians and reptiles, most mammals have thick _____________ on their teeth. 38. The earliest and most primitive mammals currently known is/are _____________. 39. Deposits left by tsunamis, which ring the Gulf of Mexico at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, are known as _____________. 40. The asteroid hypothesis for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction was proposed after scientists from Berkeley found unusually high concentration of _________ at a boundary site in Italy. 3 Matching Answers a. ornithurines cd. relative stride length =30 b. height ce. endocast = 31 c. relative speed de. heterotherms d. ectotherms = 26 abc. precocial e. enantiornithes = 33 abd. pleisiosaurs =36 ab. homeotherms = 28 abe. weight = 29 ac. iridium =40 acd. placodonts ad. enamel =37 ace. semi-circular canals = 35 ae. endotherms = 27 ade. Morganucodon =38 bc. flocculus bcd. lizards =34 bd. tempestites =39 bce. multituberculates be. pterosaurs cde. altricial =32 True or False: A = True, B = False (30 pts. total) 41. It takes more prey animals to feed an ectothermic predator than to feed an endothermic predator. B 42. Very large dinosaurs would have been warmer than their surrounding and would have had relatively invariant temperatures because they would not have shed heat efficiently. A 43. The small nasal cavity volumes of some dinosaurs suggest that they did not have high metabolic rates. A 44. There is no evidence that any dinosaurs engaged in cannibalism. B 45. Growth rate data suggest that large theropods attained great size by growing faster, not living longer. A 46. To calculate encephalization quotient, one must estimate both the mass of the brain and the mass of the body. A 47. Internal fertilization of eggs first appeared in the Vertebrates in the Amniote clade. B 48. The furcula appeared in theropod dinosaurs, but it was not flexible as in modern birds. A 49. Birds evolved a special pulley structure in their shoulders that allows them to pull their wings backwards by contracting a muscle on their chest. A 50. All pterosaurs had long tails and large crests on their heads. B 51. Mosasaurs were large generalist aquatic carnivores related to monitor lizards. A 52. The quadrate-articular jaw joint of therapsids evolved into the malleus-incus middle ear bones of mammals. A 53. All living mammals give birth to live young. B 54. Soot layers at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary suggest that the event involved massive wildfires. A 55. The Deccan Traps are massive volcanic flows in India that span about 5 million years across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. A 4 Multiple Choice (40 pts. total) 56. Living endotherms mostly all have ____________. a. bipedal posture b. bladders c. insulating body covering d. low EQs 57. Dense haversian bone (figured below) is no longer considered strong evidence for dinosaur endothermy. Why? a. It occurs in any bone that undergoes extensive remodeling in response to mechanic stress. b. It indicates fast growth, not a high metabolic rate. c. It does not occur in many adult mammals. d. all of the above 58. The fact that some groups of dinosaurs lived at high latitudes is viewed by some workers as evidence that these animals –––––––––––––––. a. were ectotherms b. had warm body temperatures due to high metabolic rates c. were heterotherms d. were not very bright 59. If a dinosaur had a foot print that was 1 m long, roughly how long was the leg that produced that print? a. 1 m b. 2 m c. 4 m d. 10 m 60. Wilson & Fisher’s experiment suggest that brachiosaurs would produce manus only prints __________. a. only if they were swimming b. if they were partially submerged, with their lighter back ends floating c. when they were digging for food d. only in rapid currents 61.