Comparative Quantifiers by Martin Hackl " M.A. Linguistics and Philosophy University of Vienna, Austria 1995 Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 2001 © 2000 Martin Hackl. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. #$%&'()*+",-".)(/,*0"1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 " Department of Linguistics and Philosophy October 23rd 2000 2+*($-$+3"450"11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 " Irene Heim Professor of Linguistics Thesis Supervisor .66+7(+3"450" 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 " Alec Marantz Professor of Linguistics Head of the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy !" Comparative Quantifiers 45" 9'*($&":'6;<" Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy at MIT on October 23rd in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Abstract =/+">'$&"%,'<",-"(/+"(/+?$?"$?"(,"7*+?+&("'"&,@+<"'&'<5?$?",-"6,>7'*'($@+"A)'&($-$+*?" ?)6/" '?" more than three students."=/+"7*+@'<+&("@$+B",&"?)6/"+C7*+??$,&?" '3@,6'(+3" $&" D+&+*'<$E+3" F)'&($-$+*" =/+,*5" $?" (/'(" (/+5" 3+&,(+3" %+&+*'<$E+3" A)'&($-$+*?" *'&%$&%" ,@+*" $&3$@$3)'<?" G" +&($*+<5" ,&" '" 7'*" B$(/" +C7*+??$,&?" <$;+" every student, some student(s), +(61" .66,*3$&%" (," (/$?" @$+BH" more than three $?" '" 3+(+*>$&+* I<$;+" everyJ" (/'(" $?H" +@+&" (/,)%/" >,*7/,K?5&('6($6'<<5" 6,>7<+CH" ?+>'&($6'<<5" '" ?$>7<+C" +C7*+??$,&" (/'(" 6'&" G" $&" (+*>?" ,-" $(?" $&(+*'6($,&?" B$(/" (/+" ?5&('6($6" +&@$*,&>+&(" $(" '77+'*?" $&" G" 4+" @$+B+3" '?" 3+&,($&%" ?$>7<5" '" *+<'($,&" 4+(B++&"?+(?",-"$&3$@$3)'<?1"" =/+"7*,7,?'<"(/'("B$<<"4+"3+@+<,7+3"$&"(/$?"(/+?$?">'$&('$&?",&"(/+",(/+*"/'&3"(/'(" +C7*+??$,&?"<$;+"more than three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–er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cknowledgments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(/'("L"4<)?/"(/$&;$&%"'4,)("$("^"'&3"B/,"/'?"'<<,B+3">+"(,"4+",&"/+*"?$3+"B/$6/"$?" (/+"%*+'(+?("7*$@$<+%+"L"6'&"$>'%$&+1""=/'&;"5,)"-,*"4+$&%"(/+"?)&?/$&+",-">5"<$-+1" " _ Table of Contents " Abstract 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2 Acknowledgements 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 3 Table of Contents 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 5 Chapter 1 Amount Comparison and Quantification: Basic Questions 1.1 Introduction 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 b 1.2 Background Assumptions and Notational Conventions 1111111111111111111 !_ 1.3 Comparative Quantifiers in Generalized Quantifier Theory 1111111111111 !c" !1P1!"#,>+"N*,7+*($+?",-"2,>7'*'($@+"F)'&($-$6'($,& 111111111111111111111111111111111 "8d" !1P18"YC(+&?$,&"(,"PK"'&3"_K7<'6+"2,>7'*'($@+"F)'&($-$+*?" 111111111111111111111111 "Pc" 1.4 Comparative Quantifiers as Comparative Constructions 111111111111111111