Dottorato di Ricerca in Architettura, Arti e Pianificazione Dipartimento di Architettura ICAR/21 THE UP-CYCLE BEYOND THE CRIME: THE PRODUCTIVE RE-ACTIVATION OF CONFISCATED CRIMINAL ASSETS IL DOTTORE IL COORDINATORE MICHELE MARIA ANZALONE PROF. MARCO ROSARIO NOBILE IL TUTOR PROF. MAURIZIO CARTA CICLO XXIX 2017 I THE UP-CYCLE BEYOND THE CRIME THE PRODUCTIVE RE-ACTIVATION OF CONFISCATED CRIMINAL ASSETS II Aspirations Opportunity Aspirations (Laws) Personal Environ- Economi- mental cal C C Talent a e o p m n a m e v b t o e e i c s l t v C C r i y i t s u t e y a s y i c v o i p c o O S u t n i l c e t p d a e a s E F e a o v l i r r FSJ MODEL s a c t e P e C c c v i t u t o d a r o s e r P C Tolerance Technology Opportunity Collective Options Abilities (Plan) (Laws) Capacity Societal AbilityAbility Personal Aspirations Environ- Economi- mental cal Opportunity (Laws) Personal Culture C Environ- Economi- C mental cal a e Talent o p C C Talent a m n a e o p m m n a m e v b t o e v b e e i c s l t v C C r i o y i t s t u t e y s a y i c e v o i p c O S i o e u t n i l c c e t p d a s l e a s E F e a o v t l i i r r r v C FSJ MODEL s a c t e P i t e C c c y v s i t u t o u t y d e a r o s y e s i r P c v o C i c O C S Tolerance o u t TechnologyTecnology l n c e i p d a Collective e t s Options F Abilities E y a o e v (Plan) i r r FSJ MODEL a c t e P e C c c v i t u t o d a Capacity Societal AbilityAbility r o s e r P C Tolerance Technology Coope- Communi- ration Capitals cation Aspirations Collective Options Abilities Opportunity (Laws) (Plan) Personal Environ- Economi- mental cal C C Talent a e o p m n a m e v b t o e e i c s l t v C C r i y i t s u t e y a s y i c v o i p c o O S u t n i l c e t p d a e a s E F a e o v l i r r FSJ MODEL s a c t e P e C c c v i t u t o d a r o s e r P C Tolerance Technology Collective Societal Options Abilities (Plan) Capacity Ability Capacity Societal AbilityAbility III Dottorato di Ricerca in Architettura, Arti e Pianificazione Dipartimento di Architettura ICAR/21 THE UP-CYCLE BEYOND THE CRIME: THE PRODUCTIVE RE-ACTIVATION OF CONFISCATED CRIMINAL ASSETS IL DOTTORE IL COORDINATORE MICHELE MARIA ANZALONE PROF. MARCO ROSARIO NOBILE IL TUTOR PROF. MAURIZIO CARTA CICLO XXIX 2017 IV Suggested citation: Anzalone M. M., Carta M., (2016). The Up-Cycle Beyond the Crime: The Productive Re-Activation of Confiscated Criminal Assets. Palermo: University of Palermo - Department of Architecture. PH.D. THESIS IN CITY, REGIONAL AND LANDSCAPE PLANNING PH.D. COURSE IN ARCHITECTURE, ARTS AND PLANNING | XXIX CYCLE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE | POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO | PALERMO | SICILY | ITALY V VI Table of Contents Book Half Title ..................................................................................... I Series Title, Frontispiece ................................................................... II Title Page ............................................................................................III Copyright Page ...................................................................................IV Dedication ............................................................................................ V Table of Contents ...............................................................................VI List of Illustrations ............................................................................XI List of Tables ......................................................................................XV 1. Introduction - Design for the Research .................................. 1 1.1. Context and Theme ..................................................................... 1 1.2. Objective ...................................................................................... 9 1.3. Methodology .............................................................................. 13 1.3.1.Modelling , Objectives and Scope ...................................... 14 1.3.2.Eight Elements of Circumstance ........................................ 16 1.3.3.Deterministic, Stokastic, Heuristic Models ..................... 20 1.3.4.Deductive, Inductive, Abductive Inferences .................... 28 1.3.5. Undermining Practices - Referential and Inferential Cycles .. 31 1.3.6.Scientific, Syntactic and Semantic Diagramming ............ 35 VII 1.4. Questions and Expected Results ............................................ 37 2. Confiscated Criminal Assets in Europe....................................40 2.1. Circumstances ........................................................................... 40 2.2. Efficient Cause .......................................................................... 41 2.3. Material Cause .......................................................................... 46 2.4. Time and Space Boundaries ..................................................... 47 2.5. Final Cause ................................................................................. 52 3. Confiscations in Europe .................................................. 55 3.1. Measures .................................................................................... 55 3.2. Methods ...................................................................................... 57 3.3. Matrix of Destinations ............................................................. 62 3.4. Materials .................................................................................... 66 3.5. Recurring Pattern in Europe and Seizure across the World ...... 80 4. Social Reuse of Confiscated Assets in Europe ........................ 94 4.1. Social Reuse in Belgium............................................................ 95 4.1.1. Sailor’s Quarter in Antwerp Case ..................................... 98 4.1.2.Learning from Social Reuse in Belgium ..........................109 4.2. Social Reuse in Bulgaria .........................................................112 4.3. Social Reuse in Estonia ...........................................................114 VIII 4.4. Social Reuse in France ............................................................120 4.4.1.Implementation of Social Reuse - France Case ..............122 4.4.2. Learning from Implementation process in France .......131 4.5. Social Reuse in Germany .......................................................132 4.6. Social Reuse in Greece ...........................................................135 4.7. Social Reuse in Hungary ........................................................136 4.8. Social Reuse in Luxemburg ....................................................137 4.8.1.Implementation of social reuse - Luxemburg Case .......139 4.8.2.Learning from Luxembourg ...............................................147 4.9. Social Reuse in Poland ...........................................................156 4.10. Social reuse in Slovak Republic ..........................................157 4.11. Social Reuse in Slovenia ......................................................159 4.12. Social Reuse in Spain ........................................................... 161 4.12.1. Implementation ................................................................163 4.13. Social Reuse in United Kingdom .........................................173 4.13.1. “Cashback for Communities” in Scotland .....................178 4.13.2. Participation in Scotland ................................................180 4.13.3. Istitutional Objectives, societal challanges and measures ...........................................................................200 IX 5. Social Reuse in Italy ..................................................................213 5.1. Historical Evolution of the Legislative Framework ..........213 5.2. The petition of “Libera” and Law No. 109/1996 .................219 5.3. Implementation issues and improvement ...........................222 5.4. The Codex of Anti-Mafia Laws - Law No. 136/20100 .......227 5.5. The New Role of Local Authorities - Law No. 228/2012 . 229 5.6. Actors involved in the process ..............................................232 5.7. Sources of Funding ..................................................................245 5.7.1.The season of PON - 2007/2013 ......................................245 5.7.2.State funding, funds and regional laws ...........................247 5.7.3.The Action Plan for Cohesion 2014-2020 ......................253 5.7.4.Private financing and Foundations ..................................255 5.8. Italian legislative framework ................................................263 6. Case Analysis - Extracting Recurrent Pattern ...............273 6.1. Sources, issues and triangulation .........................................273 6.2. Recurrent patterns .................................................................324 7. The Model: Design for Freedom, Sustainability and Justice .......335 7.1. Design for Freedom ................................................................335 7.2. Design for Sustainability .......................................................345 X 7.3. Design for Environmental Justice ........................................350 8. F.S.J. Model Confutation and Limitations ..............................355 8.1. The Crimsonfield .....................................................................356 8.2. The Island of Legality .............................................................360 8.3. Prisioner’s Dilemma ...............................................................362 8.4. Tragedy of Common ................................................................370