Page 1 of 3 NON -WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 1 FLAVOURS AND FRAGANCES OF PLANT ORIGIN FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-37 ISBN 92-5-103648-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ABBREVIATIONS Chapter 1 FLAVOURS AND FRAGRANCES OF PLANT ORIGIN Introduction Format of the Report Requirements for the Successful Development of New or Improved Sources of Flavours and Fragrances Selected Bibliography Chapter 2 CINNAMOMUM OILS (INCLUDING CINNAMON AND CASSIA) Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Oil Developmental Potential Oils from other Cinnamomum Species Selected Bibliography Chapter 3 SASSAFRAS OIL Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Oil Developmental Potential Piper Species as Alternative Sources of Safrole Selected Bibliography Chapter 4 ROSEWOOD OIL Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Oil Developmental Potential Selected Bibliography Chapter 5 EUCALYPTUS OIL Page 2 of 3 Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Oil Developmental Potential Selected Bibliography Chapter 6 SANDALWOOD OIL Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Oil Developmental Potential Selected Bibliography Chapter 7 LITSEA CUBEBA OIL Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Oil Developmental Potential Selected Bibliography Chapter 8 TURPENTINE FROM PINE RESIN Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Turpentine/Resin Developmental Potential Selected Bibliography Chapter 9 OLIBANUM (FRANKINCENSE), MYRRH AND OPOPANAX RESINS AND OILS Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Resin Developmental Potential Selected Bibliography Chapter 10 CEDARWOOD OILS Description and Uses World Supply and Demand Trends Plant Sources Harvesting/Primary Processing Value-Added Processing Products other than Oil Developmental Potential Selected Bibliography APPENDIX APPENDIX 1: Basic principles of steam distillation TABLES Table 1 Exports of cinnamon bark oil from Sri Lanka, and destinations,1987-92 Table 2 Exports of cinnamon leaf oil from Sri Lanka, and destinations,1987-92 Table 3 Imports of cassia oil into the United States, and sources,1987-93 Table 4 Cinnamomum species with actual or potential use as sources ofchemical isolates Table 5 Exports of sassafras oil from Brazil, and destinations, 1986-90 Table 6 Exports of rosewood oil from Brazil, and destinations, 1986-92 Table 7 Imports of eucalyptus oil into the European Community, andsources, 1984-90 Table 8 Imports of eucalyptus oil into the United States, 1984-90 Table 9 World production and exports (excluding re-exports) ofcineole-type eucalyptus oil estimated for 1991 Table 10 Exports of sandalwood oil from India, and destinations,1987/88-1992/93 Table 11 Exports of sandalwood oil from Indonesia, and destinations,1987-92 Page 3 of 3 Table 12 Principal producers and production volumes of gum turpentine(and rosin) Table 13 Exports of gum turpentine from Indonesia, and destinations,1988-92 Table 14 Exports of incense gum from Somalia, and destinations, 1975-80 Table 15 Exports of myrrh from Somalia, and destinations, 1976-79 Table 16 Exports of incense gum from Ethiopia, and destinations, 1981-83 Table 17 Exports of olibanum/frankincense from India, and destinations,1987/88-1992/93 Table 18 Principal sources of olibanum, myrrh and opopanax andstimated world trade, 1987 Table 19 Imports of cedarwood oil into the United States, and sources,1989-93 Table 20 Imports of cedar oil into Japan, and sources, 1989-93 PHOTOGRAPHS 1. Wild Piper hispidenervium growing on forest verge, Acre state,Brazil [C. Green, NRI]. 2. Field trials: Coppiced Piper hispidenervium awaiting its fourthharvest, Brazil [D. Baker, NRI]. 3. Rosewood logs ( Aniba rosaeodora ) being transported by river to thedistillery, Brazil [FCAP]. 4. Propagation trials: Seedling of Aniba rosaedora growing in partialshade, Brazil [FCAP]. 5. Propagation trials: Branch method of developing juvenile stems of Aniba rosaeodora for clonal propagation, Brazil [FCAP]. 6. Eucalyptus leaves awaiting distillation. Eucalyptus globulus ,showing juvenile and adult leaves, Portugal [J. Coppen, NRI]. 7. Harvesting Eucalyptus smithii , Swaziland. First cut at about 24months [J. Coppen, NRI]. 8. Eucalyptus leaves being loaded into stills for distillation. Eucalyptus smithii , Swaziland [J. Coppen, NRI]. 9. Regularly coppiced natural stands of Eucalyptus polybractea awaiting harvesting, Australia [J. Coppen, NRI]. 10. Traditional form of tapping practised in Indonesia, Pinus merkusii [J. Coppen, NRI]. 11. Tapping Pinus merkusii in Thailand, which also involvesremoval of wood from the tree [J. Coppen, NRI]. 12. Tapped face of Pinus elliottii showing bark removal (wide face),South Africa [J. Coppen, NRI]. 13. Tapped face of Pinus elliottii showing bark removal (narrow face),South Africa [J. Coppen, NRI]. 14. Tapping Pinus elliottii in Brazil illustrating use of plastic bags forresin collection [J. Coppen, NRI]. 15. Pinus caribaea in third year of tapping, South Africa[J. Coppen, NRI]. 16. Quality assessment: Collection of a sample of resin from Pinusmerkusii , Thailand [J. Coppen, NRI]. 17. Olibanum ("beyo") collected from Boswellia sacra ,Somalia [J. Coulter, NRI]. 18. Boswellia sacra , Somalia [J. Coulter, NRI]. Page 1 of 1 FOREWORD Non-wood forest products are extremely heterogenous. They play a vital role in the life and welfare of the people. A large number of items of our everyday use contain a varying proportion of non-wood forest products. Sustainable utilisation and development of non-wood forest products are highly demanding on scientific knowledge and information relating to their resource distribution and management, chemical and biological properties, uses, supply-demand situation and so on. However, the information base of non-wood forest products is still weak. Sources of existing information are dispersed. There is a lack of an adequate system of compiling and disseminating available information. These exert a negative influence on the development of non-wood forest products. In order to remedy this deficiency, the FAO Forest Products Division has initiated publication of a new series on non-wood forest products. The present publication on flavours and fragrances of plant origin is the first of the series. The material for this publication was prepared by John Coppen of the UK-ODA Natural Resources Institute under the advice and general guidance of C. Chandrasekharan, Chief of the FAO Non-Wood Forest Products and Energy Branch. We hope that this publication will serve as a useful reference for all concerned with non-wood forest products. Karl-Hermann Schmincke Director Forest Products Division Page 1 of 1 ABBREVIATIONS CENARGEN Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Brazil) C & F Cost and freight CIF Cost, insurance, freight EMBRAPA Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazil) EC European Community EOA Essential Oil Association of USA FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FCAP Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará (Brazil) FMA Fragrance Materials Association of USA FOB Free on board FOT Free on tanker INPA Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Brazil) ISO International Standardization Organization ITE Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (UK) NRI Natural Resources Institute (UK) ODA Overseas Development Administration pa per annum In all Tables: - indicates nil ~ indicates < 0.5 tonnes (except Table 1, < 0.05 tonnes) na indicates not available ne indicates not estimated Page 1 of 4 Chapter 1 FLAVOURS AND FRAGRANCES OF PLANT ORIGIN INTRODUCTION Taste and smell are the two most sensitive human senses. The nose can often detect and distinguish odours at a level which even modern instrumentation is hard pressed to achieve. The natural world - especially that of higher plants - provides a multitude of flavours and fragrances, either directly or indirectly, which impinge upon these senses. Over the course of time, and with the benefit of many thousands of species of plants from which to produce them, countless numbers of such flavours and fragrances have found their way via essential oils into everyday life: into foods and drinks and confectionery items; into products for personal use such as perfumes, deodorants, shampoos, bath lotions, toilet soaps, toothpastes and mouth washes; into pharmaceutical preparations where flavours are added to make the product more appealing or to mask the taste of less agreeable ones; into items used about the house or office or in industry such