1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 • • • • • • • • • • • 3 • • • • • • • 2001 Copenhagen • • • IWGIA • • WORLD 2000/2001 WORLD THE INDIGENOUS THE THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2000/2001 © Copyright: The Authors and IWGIA (The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs) 2001 - All Rights Reserved - The reproduction and distribution of information contained in THE IN- DIGENOUS WORLD, INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS, and the IWGIA BOOKS is welcome as long as the source is cited. However, the reproduction of whole BOOKS should not occur without the consent of IWGIA. The opin- ions expressed in IWGIA publications do not necessarily express those of the Work Group. Compilation and editing of this edition of The Indigenous World has been coordinated by Anette Molbech. Cover and Typesetting: Jorge Monrás Spanish translation: Mario Di Lucci Spanish proofreading: Janet Ferrari English translation: Elaine Bolton English proofreading: Elaine Bolton & Birgit Stephenson Regional editors: The Arctic & North America: Kathrin Wessendorff South America; Mexico & Central America; The Pacific & Australia: Diana Vinding Asia: Christian Erni Africa: Marianne Jensen Indigenous Rights: Lola García-Alix Prepress and Print: Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark ISSN: 0105-4503 - ISBN: 87-90730-48-8 Cover Photo: By Arthur Krasilnikoff, Female Bushman with child, Botswana, Africa. INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS • Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark • • Tel: (+45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax: (+45) 35 27 05 07 • E-mail: [email protected] - www.iwgia.org • • • • • • • 4 • 5 • • • • • • • • Cooperation Development for Agency Norwegian the • • • from and Affairs Foreign of Ministry Danish • with financial support from the from support financial with This book has been produced been has book This CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................................................... 8 Contributions .................................................................................................................... 12 PART I: THE INDIGENOUS WORLD BY REGIONS & COUNTRIES The Arctic .........................................................................................................................24 The Artic Council ........................................................................................................24 Greenland .......................................................................................................................26 Sápmi - Sweden, Russia, Finland ...........................................................................30 The Indigenous peoples of Russia ..........................................................................38 Nunavut .........................................................................................................................43 Nunavik .........................................................................................................................46 North America .................................................................................................................50 Canada I - First Nations .........................................................................................50 Canada II - First Nations .........................................................................................54 Canada III - North West Territories ......................................................................56 Canada IV - The Innu Nation .................................................................................59 The United States of America .................................................................................63 Mexico and Central America ....................................................................................72 Mexico ............................................................................................................................72 Guatemala......................................................................................................................82 Nicaragua .......................................................................................................................88 Costa Rica ......................................................................................................................95 Panama ...................................................................................................................... 100 South America .............................................................................................................. 106 Venezuela .................................................................................................................... 106 Colombia ..................................................................................................................... 112 Ecuador ...................................................................................................................... 120 Peru .............................................................................................................................. 127 Bolivia .......................................................................................................................... 136 Paraguay ..................................................................................................................... 147 Brazil ............................................................................................................................ 153 Argentina ..................................................................................................................... 161 Chile .............................................................................................................................. 167 Australia and the Pacific ......................................................................................... 176 Australia...................................................................................................................... 176 Aotearoa (New Zealand) ........................................................................................ 184 West Papua ................................................................................................................ 192 Bougainville ................................................................................................................ 195 The Solomon Islands ............................................................................................... 197 Kanaky (New Caledonia) ....................................................................................... 201 Te Ao Maohi (French Polynesia) .......................................................................... 203 Tokelau ...................................................................................................................... 204 Fiji ................................................................................................................................. 205 Tonga ........................................................................................................................... 212 • • Marshall Islands ........................................................................................................ 216 • • Guahan (Guam) ........................................................................................................ 219 • • Ka Pae’aina (Hawai’i) ............................................................................................. 221 • • Rapa Nui (Easter Island ......................................................................................... 223 • • • 6 • North Africa ................................................................................................................... 226 The Amazigh Peoples.............................................................................................. 226 East Africa ...................................................................................................................... 236 Ethiopia ...................................................................................................................... 236 Kenya ...................................................................................................................... 243 Tanzania ...................................................................................................................... 251 Central Africa ............................................................................................................... 262 Rwanda ...................................................................................................................... 262 The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) ....................................................... 263 Burundi ...................................................................................................................... 265 Uganda ...................................................................................................................... 266 Cameroon .................................................................................................................... 268 Southern Africa ............................................................................................................ 272 Namibia ...................................................................................................................... 272 Botswana ....................................................................................................................