Commission of the European Communities DG Justice & Home Affairs Hippokrates JAI/2001/HIP/023 Research based on case studies of victims of trafficking in human beings in 3 EU Member States, i.e. Belgium, Italy and The Netherlands. Payoke On The Road De Rode Draad Belgium Italy The Netherlands (CAW De TERP) Acknowledgements The research presented in this report could not have been done without the help of the many victims who agreed to be interviewed. We thank them wholeheartedly and hope this research can in some way help to fight the injustice they have suffered. We also thank all the researchers and the writers, as well as the expert consultants: Wim Vandekerckhove (Center for Ethics & Value Inquiry, Ghent University) Zrinka Pari_ (Payoke) (general parts report) Bruno Moens (Payoke) (Belgian research and report) Isabella Orfano (On The Road) (Italian research and report) Ruth Hopkins (De Rode Draad) Jan Nijboer (Universiteit Groningen) (Dutch research and report) Prof.Dr. Gert Vermeulen (Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University) (expert consultant) Wim Bontinck (Federal Police Belgium, unit Human Trafficking) (expert consultant) Finally, we thank the European Union for their financial support. This document and the research presented herein has been produced with the financial support of the European Commission. DG Justice and Home Affairs, Hippocrates program, project number JAI/2001/HIP/023. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 1. General Introduction 2. Aims and limits of the research 3. Operationalisation of research aims Country Report BELGIUM Chapter A. Introduction Chapter B. Scope of the phenomenon Chapter C. Research 1. Methodology: data collection and processing 2. Female victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in prostitution 2.0. Introduction 2.1. Individual characteristics (personal details) 2.1.1. Age 2.1.2. Nationality 2.1.3. Gender 2.2. State of the dossier 2.2.1. Initial intake of the victim at the centre and start of the procedure 2.2.2. Referent 2.2.3. State of the criminal investigation 2.2.4. Closed dossiers 2.3. Degree of integration 2.3.1. Degree of participation in the social integration program 2.3.2. Work 2.3.3. Family situation 2.4. Social background in the country of origin 2.4.1. Family situation 2.4.2. Civil status 2.4.3. Children in the country of origin 2.4.4. Standard of living 2.4.5. Work 2.4.6. School education 2.4.7. Age of the victim at the time of departure 2.5. Motives of the victim to accept the recruiter’s offer and type of offer made 2.5.1. Motives 2.5.2. Promises 2.6. Recruitment 2.6.1. Recruiting traffickers 2.6.1.1. Recruiters in the country of origin 2.6.1.2. Traffickers during the trip 2.6.1.3. Traffickers in the country of destination or arrival 2.6.2. Nationality of the traffickers 2.6.2.1. Nationality of the ‘passeurs’ 2.6.2.2. Correlation between the nationality of the victim and the group of ‘passeurs’ 2.6.2.3. Nationality of the recruiters 2.6.2.4. Correlation between the nationality of the victim and the recruiter 2.6.2.5. Albanian traffickers 2.6.2.6. Belgian traffickers 2.6.3. Time between contact and departure 2.6.4. Initiative 2.6.5. Contact method 2.6.6. Relation of the victim with the recruiter 2.6.7. Arrangements 2.6.8. Confrontation victim 2.6.9. Debts 2.6.10. Asylum 2.7. Pressure, coercion, violence in the process of exploitation 2.8. Criminal network 2.8.1. Trafficking route 2.8.1.1. The Albanian route 2.8.1.2. The Nigerian route 2.8.1.3. The Moldavian route 2.8.1.4. The Russian-Ukrainian route 2.8.2. Criminal offences 2.9. Profiles 2.9.1. Nationality of the victim 2.9.1.1. Albania 2.9.1.2. Nigeria 2.9.1.3. Moldavia 2.9.1.4. Ukraine 2.9.1.5. Russia 2.9.1.6. Romania 2.9.2. The Network 2.9.3. The ‘consenting’ prostitute 3. Victims of trafficking for the purpose of economical exploitation 3.0. Introduction 3.1. Individual characteristics (personal details) 3.1.1. Age 3.1.2. Nationality 3.1.3. Gender 3.2. State of the dossier 3.2.1. Initial intake of the victim at the centre and start of the procedure 3.2.2. Referent 3.2.3. State of the criminal investigation 3.2.4. Closed dossiers 3.3. Degree of integration 3.3.1. Degree of participation in the social integration program 3.3.2. Work 3.3.3. Family situation 3.4. Social background in the country of origin 3.4.1. Family situation 3.4.2. Civil status 3.4.3. Children in the country of origin 3.4.4. Standard of living 3.4.5. Work 3.4.6. School education 3.4.7. Age of the victim at the time of departure 3.5. Motives of the victim to accept the recruiter’s offer and type of offer made 3.5.1. Motives 3.5.2. Promises 3.6. Recruitment 3.6.1. Recruiting traffickers 3.6.1.1. Recruiters in the country of origin 3.6.1.2. Traffickers during the trip 3.6.1.3. Traffickers in the country of destination or arrival 3.6.2. Nationality of the traffickers 3.6.2.1. Nationality of the ‘passeurs’ 3.6.2.2. Correlation between the nationality of the victim and the group of ‘passeurs’ 3.6.2.3. Nationality of the recruiters 3.6.2.4. Correlation between the nationality of the victim and the recruiter 3.6.2.5. Albanian traffickers 3.6.2.6. Belgian traffickers 3.6.3. Time between contact and departure 3.6.4. Initiative 3.6.5. Contact method 3.6.6. Relation of the victim with the recruiter 3.6.7. Arrangements 3.6.8. Confrontation victim 3.6.9. Debts 3.7. Pressure, coercion, violence in the process of exploitation 3.8. Criminal network 3.8.1. Trafficking route 3.8.1.1. The Nigerian route 3.8.1.2. The Chinese route 3.8.1.3. The Ecuadorian route 3.8.2. Criminal offences 3.9. Profiles 3.9.1. Nationality of the victim 3.9.1.1. Nigeria 3.9.1.2. China 3.9.1.3. Ecuador 3.9.2. The network 3.9.2.1. Without network (0-1 trafficker) 3.9.2.2. Small network (2-4 traffickers) 3.9.2.3. Large network (5 traffickers or more) 3.9.3. Football players 4. Victims of Smuggling 4.0. Introduction 4.1. Individual characteristics 4.1.1. Age 4.1.2. Nationality 4.1.3. Gender 4.2. State of the dossier 4.2.1. Initial intake of the victim at the centre and start of the procedure 4.2.2. Referent 4.2.3. State of the criminal investigation 4.2.4. Closed dossiers 4.3. Degree of integration 4.3.1. Degree of participation in the social integration program 4.3.2. Work 4.3.3. Family situation 4.4. Social background in the country of origin 4.4.1. Family situation 4.4.2. Civil status 4.4.3. Children in the country of origin 4.4.4. Standard of living 4.4.5. Work 4.4.6. School education 4.4.7. Age of the victim at the time of departure 4.5. Motives of the victim to accept the recruiter’s offer and type of offer made 4.5.1. Motives 4.5.2. Promises 4.6. Recruitment 4.6.1. Recruiting traffickers 4.6.1.1. Recruiters in the country of origin 4.6.1.2. Traffickers during the trip 4.6.1.3. Traffickers in the country of destination or arrival 4.6.2. Nationality of the traffickers 4.6.2.1. Nationality of the ‘passeurs’ 4.6.2.2. Correlation between the nationality of the victim and the group of ‘passeurs’ 4.6.2.3. Nationality of the recruiters 4.6.2.4. Correlation between the nationality of the victim and the recruiter 4.6.2.5. Albanian traffickers 4.6.2.6. Belgian traffickers 4.6.3. Time between contact and departure 4.6.4. Initiative 4.6.5. Contact method 4.6.6. Relation of the victim with the recruiter 4.6.7. Arrangements 4.6.8. Confrontation victim 4.6.9. Debts 4.6.10. Payments towards the trafficker 4.7. Pressure, coercion, violence in the process of exploitation 4.8. Criminal network 4.8.1. Trafficking route 4.8.1.1. The Chinese route 4.8.1.2. The Albanian route 4.8.1.3. The Ecuadorian route 4.8.1.4. Iran/Iraq 4.8.2. Criminal offences 4.9. Profiles 4.9.1. Nationality of the victim 4.9.1.1. Albania 4.9.1.2. China 4.9.1.3. Ecuador 4.9.1.4. Iraq 4.9.1.5. Iran 4.9.2. The network 4.9.2.1. Small network 4.9.2.2. Large network Chapter D. Conclusions and recommendations 1. Individual characteristics 1.1. Age 1.2. Nationality of the victim 1.3. Gender 2. State of the dossier 3. Social background of the victim 4. Motives of the victim 5. Promises 6. Network 6.1. Size of the network 6.2. Correlation nationalities of the victim and the trafficker 6.3. Nationalities of the traffickers 7. Pressure, coercion and violence in the process of exploitation 8.