Community Sanctions: A Comparative Study between China and Europe Xue YANG Dissertation submitted in order to obtain the degree of Doctor in Law Academic year 2017-2018 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Tom Vander Beken Contents Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 9 Glossary .................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter One. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 12 Background ........................................................................................................................... 12 Definitions related to community sanctions and measures ................................................ 14 Aim and scope ...................................................................................................................... 16 Questions and methodology ................................................................................................ 18 Structure of the thesis .......................................................................................................... 21 Chapter Two. Legal Framework for Chinese Community Corrections ..................................... 25 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 25 2. The rise of community corrections in a decade ............................................................... 27 2.1. The initiation of community corrections ....................................................................... 27 2.2. The dissemination of community corrections from the pilot programme to nationwide programmes ......................................................................................................................... 30 3. Reframing the execution of community corrections ........................................................ 33 3.1. The three missions of community corrections ............................................................... 33 3.1.1. Education and correction ........................................................................................... 33 3.1.2. Supervision and management .................................................................................... 34 3.1.3. Assistance ................................................................................................................... 35 3.2. Cooperation in the implementation of community corrections .................................... 36 3.3. Local regulations on the execution of community corrections ..................................... 38 3.3.1. The Beijing Model ....................................................................................................... 39 1 3.3.2. The Shanghai Model ................................................................................................... 42 3.3.3. The models in other regions ....................................................................................... 44 4. Revising the principal sources of sentencing decisions for community corrections ......... 45 4.1. The conditions of community corrections under the Criminal Law ............................... 47 4.1.1. Public surveillance (PS) ............................................................................................... 47 4.1.2. Suspended sentences.................................................................................................. 48 4.1.3. Parole ......................................................................................................................... 51 4.1.4. Temporarily serving a sentence outside of prison ...................................................... 55 4.2. The range of crimes eligible for community corrections under the judicial interpretation on the criminal policy of balancing leniency and severity (kuan yan xiang ji, 宽严相济) ... 58 4.3. The absence of community corrections under the sentencing guidelines .................... 61 4.4. The narrow targets of community corrections under guiding criminal judgments ...... 63 5. Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 70 Chapter Three. Coexistence of Semi-formal and Formal Punishments in China ..................... 72 1.Background ....................................................................................................................... 72 1.1. The juxtaposition of the abolition of RTL and the promotion of community corrections .............................................................................................................................................. 72 1.2. The administrative punishments and administrative coercive measures beyond the scope of laws ........................................................................................................................ 72 1.3. Is RTL replaced by community corrections? ................................................................ 76 2. Defining semi-formal punishments .................................................................................. 78 3. The coexistence of five punishments (wuxing, 五刑) and clan punishment .................... 80 3.1. The shaper: the confucianisation of law ....................................................................... 80 3.1.1. The debate between legalism and Confucianism on the function of punishment and moral instruction in crime control ........................................................................................ 81 Legalism ................................................................................................................................ 81 2 Confucianism ........................................................................................................................ 82 3.1.2. The integration of law and rites ................................................................................. 83 3.1.3. The hierarchical system of moral instruction ............................................................. 86 3.1.4. The clan punishments ................................................................................................. 87 3.1.5. The five punishments .................................................................................................. 88 3.1.6. The legal mercy .......................................................................................................... 91 Eight deliberations 八议 ....................................................................................................... 92 Temporary permission to remain at home and support their paternal grandparents or parents.................................................................................................................................. 92 Reduction or remission of punishment because of confession ............................................ 93 Compassion for those who are aged, juvenile, or infirm ...................................................... 94 Provisional release ................................................................................................................ 94 3.2. Heavy penaltyism .......................................................................................................... 95 3.2.1. The harsh clan punishments in the imperial era ........................................................ 96 3.2.2. The harsh formal punishments in the imperial era .................................................... 97 3.2.2.1. The rarity of legal mercy ......................................................................................... 97 3.2.2.2. The cruel punishments ............................................................................................ 98 4. The change and continuity in the late Qing Dynasty and the republic era (1912-1949) . 99 4.1. The legal reform ............................................................................................................ 99 4.2. The baojia 保甲 system ............................................................................................... 101 4.3. The progress and frustration of the reform on penal system ..................................... 102 5. The coexistence of the punishments on the criminals and the punishments on the masses in the Mao era .................................................................................................................... 105 5.1. The nature of crime ..................................................................................................... 105 5.2. The punishments on the criminals ............................................................................... 106 5.3. The masses in crime control ........................................................................................ 111 3 5.4. The punishments on the masses: administrative punishments and RTL ..................... 112 6. The coexistence of criminal punishments, RTL and administrative punishments in the post- Mao era .............................................................................................................................. 114 6.1. The legal reform .........................................................................................................