Map 46 Bruttii Compiled by I.E.M. Edlund-Berry and A.M. Small, 1997 Introduction The name Calabria, currently given to most of the area covered by the map, originally denoted the territory of the Calabri in the Sallentine peninsula (Map 45 H4 and inset); but from the mid-seventh century A.D. it was gradually transferred to the Toe of Italy as a result of a series of administrative changes made by the Byzantine emperors (Gay 1904, 6-7). The region had no settled name in classical antiquity. According to tradition, it was once inhabited by the Ausones or Aurunci. Greeks in the fifth century B.C. knew of Oenotri who inhabited the land mass to the north of the Terina/Scylletium isthmus, and of Itali in the south, so that the peninsula south of this isthmus was Italia proper. After the rise of the Brettii in the late fourth century B.C., Greek writers used the name Brettia to refer to the whole peninsula south of the R. Laos on the west and Thurii on the east. The Romans referred to it sometimes as the Ager Bruttius, and sometimes as Bruttii (Paoletti 1994, 467-71). To the north were the Lucani and Lucania (Map 45). As in other parts of Italy, the coastline has undergone many modifications since classical times. These are particularly striking in the estuaries of the larger rivers, where the sediments brought down by the current have been deposited in the flood plains, continuously pushing out the shore line. Thus the Greek site of Sybaris, founded near the mouth of the R. Crathis, now lies two miles inland, buried below twelve ft of alluvium. The map shows a conjectural reconstruction of the shoreline in the period of Greek colonization (cf. Schmiedt 1966; 1967), but the process continued throughout classical antiquity. Erosion has been aggravated by deforestation over a long period. More recently, river flows have been drastically affected by extraction of water for irrigation. Water transport would be impossible now on the Carcinus, Crotalus, Semirus, Arocas or Thagines rivers, all of which are listed by Pliny (NH 3.96) as navigable. In contrast to the “indigenous” Iron Age settlements occupying hilltops in the interior, Greek colonies were founded on the coastal plains. Because of the mountainous character of the hinterland, communications between them were generally easiest by sea. They were, however, linked by roads which followed the narrow coastal plain, interrupted on the west coast by the massif of Vibo Valentia. There were also routes across the isthmuses (Vallet 1958; Guzzo 1986); in addition, the long valley of the Crathis gave access to the interior at Consentia from the coastal plain of Sybaris. Numerous tracks, too uncertain to map, linked the mountain grazings with the coast (Givigliano 1994). After the Roman conquest, Regium was connected with Capua (Map 44)–probably by the Via Annia (Bracco 1954; Wiseman 1964; see Map 45), or perhaps the Via Popilia (Degrassi 1955)–and thence to Rome by the Via Appia. The road’s main stages are known from the itineraries (Crogiez 1990), although there is doubt about its course in detail (La Torre 1990). Another road continued around the east coast from Regium to Tarentum (Map 45). TabPeut shows a road across the isthmus from Vibo Valentia to Castra Hannibalis, and another connecting Forum Popili in the valley of the R. Tanager (Map 45) with Consentia. From here there was perhaps a link with Vibo Valentia by way of ‘Aque Ange’; but TabPeut is corrupt at this point, and neither the road nor ‘Aque Ange’ have been detected on the ground. It is reasonable to suppose that the main Greek colonies–Rhegion, Lokroi Epizephyrioi, Croto(n) and Sybaris (and its successor Thurii)–all had land division schemes comparable to those at Metapontum (Map 45) and Heraclea, but the details at present escape us. The same points may apply, too, to Kaulonia and the second-generation colonies on the Tyrrhenian coast at Medma, Hipponion, Terina, Laos and Pyxous. The territories of the Latin colonies of Copia (Livy 35.9) and Vibo Valentia (Livy 35.40; Blüme 1848, 209) were certainly centuriated. The Liber coloniarum (Blüme 1848) records centuriation of the Roman period at Buxentum, Consentia and Clampetia, but these land divisions do not appear on the map since they have not yet been clearly detected on the ground or by aerial survey. Presumably the territories of the Roman colonies at Croto(n) and Tempsa, as well as the Gracchan settlement at Scylletium, were also centuriated, although this is not recorded in the sources. 696 MAP 46 BRUTTII Most of the larger settlements must have been supplied by aqueducts. One, at Thurii, is sufficiently well attested to be marked on the map, as are two short aqueducts which served villas or road stations at S. Teodoro south of Nicotera (C4) and at Ad Vicesimum (E2). Remains of aqueducts have also been recorded at Vibo Valentia (Albanese 1962), but these cannot be marked for lack of detailed evidence. The main wealth of Bruttii lay in its forests, especially in the conifers of the Sila mountains, which were a valuable source of timber and pitch (De Caro 1985), and provided shelter for grazing cattle. Granite was quarried at Nicotera, conveniently near the sea for transportation, and there were important copper mines at Tempsa, though these had been exhausted by the late first century B.C. (Strabo 6.1.5). Lenormant (1881 II, 15) records traces of ancient silver workings at Verzino on a tributary of the R. Neto six miles north-west of Zinga, and at Longobucco (both E3); but these have not been adequately documented. It seems probable, however, that the unlocated toponym Argentanum refers to a silver-working center. No attempt has been made to map the numerous small settlements identified only by field surveys. The areas most intensively studied include the territories of Temesa (Maddoli 1982), Medma (Paoletti 1981), Croto(n) (D’Annibale 1990), and Sybaris (Quilici 1968). Wherever possible, citations are given to BTCGI, which has exhaustive bibliographies for sites arranged in alphabetical order. For the Roman period, there is a useful list of archaeological sites with bibliographies in Guzzo (1981b). Volumes I and II of Settis (1987) are indispensable, despite the absence of an index. Directory All place names are in Italy Abbreviations FormIt Siris-Heraclea L. Quilici, Forma Italiae: Siris-Heraclea (regio III, vol. 1), Rome, 1967 GAL Magna Grecia E. Greco, Guide archeologiche Laterza: Magna Grecia,3rd ed., Bari and Rome, 1993 Greci Enotri Lucani S. Bianco et al. (eds.), I Greci in Occidente. Greci, Enotri e Lucani nella Basilicata meridionale, Naples, 1996 SRPS A. Giardina and A. Schiavone (eds.), Società romana e produzione schiavistica,3vols.,Bari, 1981 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D4 Acconia L Arslan 1966, 23-47; BTCGI VII, 50-52 Curinga D3 Acheron? fl. Caronte Nissen II, 933; RE 5; BTCGI III, 10-14 C2 Acquappesa CH BTCGI III, 23-24 C5 Ad Columnam R?L near Reggio di Calabria ItAnt 106.4; ItMiller 357 D4 Ad Fluvium Angitulam R?L at crossing of R. Angitola ItAnt 106.1; ItMiller 369 § Annicia D3 Ad Fluvium Sabutum R?L at crossing of R. Savuto ItAnt 105.5; ItMiller 368 C5 Ad Mallias R?L between Nicotera and ItAnt 106.3; ItMiller 356 Reggio di Calabria D4 Ad Turres R?L between R. Angitola and ItAnt 105.6; ItMiller 368 R. Savuto E2 Ad Vicesimum RL at Amendolara Marina? ItAnt 113.6; Crogiez 1990, 413-15; Settembrini 1993 A6 Aetna M. See Map 47 D3 Aiello ACH Aiello Calabro BTCGI III, 133-34 F3 Aisaros fl. Esaro RE D5 Altanum? CHRL Bovalino Marina BTCGI IV, 146-47 E2 Amendolara A BTCGI III, 210-14 D4 Angitula fl. Angitola RE MAP 46 BRUTTII 697 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference F3 Apollo Alaeus, T. AC Punta Alice Osanna 1992, 199-200 (no. 42) E3 Aprustum HR S. Severina? Kahrstedt 1960, 80-81 C5 Arciade L between Taurianum and ItMiller 357; Crogiez 1990, 428-29 Regium E4 Arocas fl. Crocchio RE D3 Aufugum HR Montalto Uffugo BTCGI X, 243-252 Ausonium Mare = Siculum Mare Basilidin Ins. = Hikesia Nesos D1 Battifarano ACHRL BTCGI IV, 17-20 E3 Belvedere C Belvedere di Spinello BTCGI IV, 33-34 C2 Belvedere Marittimo HRL BTCGI IV, 29-32 D2 Bisignano AH BTCGI IV, 64-65 C2 Blanda HRL Palecastro di Tortora RE 2; BTCGI IV, 81-84; La Torre 1991 D3 Bruttii CH Calabria NPauly Brutii § Brettii D5 Bruttius Sinus Turano 1975, 66-67 § Locrensis Sinus Buxentum = Pyxous B2 Buxentum Pr. Capo degli Ingreschi Nissen II, 897; NPauly § Pyxous Akra C5 Calanna A BTCGI IV, 249-50 D2 Camerelle HR Tinè Bertocchi 1963 D5 Canale A BTCGI IV, 337-40 F4 Capo Cimiti AC BTCGI IV, 404-407 D2 Caprasia RL between Interamnium and ItMiller 368; Crogiez 1990, 420-21 Consentia E4 Carcinus fl. Corace RE E3 Cariati HBTCGIV,1-4 E3 Casabona ABTCGIV,29-31 D2 Cassano ABTCGIV,42-44 F4 Le Castella H BTCGI VIII, 385; Osanna 1992, 195 (no. 19) C5 Castellace CH Castrizio 1995, 27 B1 Castelluccio CH? Greco 1975, 88 E2 Castiglione di Paludi ACH BTCGI V, 136-40 E4 Castra Hannibalis HRL near Torre di Catanzaro ItMiller 360; BTCGI V, 179 § Annibali D2 Castrovillari ACH BTCGI V, 145-52 D5 Caulonia HR RE; BTCGI V, 183-86 C2 Cerilli HRL Cirella RE; SRPS I, 134; Greco 1986, 128; Crogiez 1990, 418 C1 Cesernia R?L between Blanda and ItMiller 354; Kahrstedt 1960, 22 Buxentum D1 Cersosimo CH BTCGI V, 248-50 C5 Charybdis See Map 47 D1 Chiaromonte ACHR BTCGI V, 280-82 B1 Chiuse delle Grotte H territory of Velia Bencivenga Trillmich 1990, 367 F3 Cirò ACH BTCGI V, 311-18 D5 Cittanova AC? BTCGI V, 322-23; Vallet 1958, 169 D3 Clampetia HRL Amantea RE; BTCGI III, 207; Crogiez 1990, 418 § Lampeteia § Amantia E5 ‘Cocinto’? R?L on R.