Polyatomic Ions Ck12 Science Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) AUTHOR Ck12 Science To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, and web-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes the creation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooks that can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBook® textbooks). Copyright © 2016 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com- mons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/about/ terms-of-use. Printed: September 23, 2016 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Polyatomic Ions CHAPTER 1 Polyatomic Ions • Be able to write structures for polyatomic ions when given the name. • Be able to name polyatomic ions when given the structures. Shakespeare once wrote, “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet,” part of the romantic balcony scene between Romeo and Juliet in the play of that name. The two families were bitter rivals, but Juliet was saying she loved Romeo no matter what his name was. Some names are simple - we know Romeo mainly as Romeo. Most have us have a first name, middle name (often not used), and last name. In some cultures, names will be much more complex. The full name of the famous 20th century artist Pablo Picasso is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picass. Many materials exist as simple binary compounds composed of a metal cation and a non-metal anion, with each ion consisting of only one type of atom. Other combinations of atoms also exist, either larger ionic complexes or complete molecules. Some of the most useful materials we work with contain polyatomic ions. Polyatomic Ions A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of more than one atom. The ammonium ion consists of one nitrogen atom and + four oxygen atoms. Together, they comprise a single ion with a 1+ charge and a formula of NH4 . The carbonate ion consists of one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms and carries an overall charge of 2−. The formula of the 2− carbonate ion is CO3 . The atoms of a polyatomic ion are tightly bonded together and so the entire ion behaves as a single unit. The figures below show several models. 1 www.ck12.org + A. The ammonium ion (NH4 ) is a nitrogen atom (blue) bonded to four hydrogen atoms (white). B. The hydroxide ion (OH−) is an oxygen atom (red) bonded to a hydrogen atom. 2− C. The carbonate ion (CO3 ) is a carbon atom (black) bonded to three oxygen atoms. Table 1.1 lists a number of polyatomic ions by name and by structure. The heading for each column indicates the charge on the polyatomic ions in that group. Note that the vast majority of the ions listed are anions - there are very few polyatomic cations. TABLE 1.1: Common Polyatomic Ions 1- 2- 3- 1+ 2+ − 2− 3− + 2+ acetate, CH3COO carbonate, CO3 arsenate, AsO3 ammonium, NH4 dimercury, Hg2 − 2− 3− bromate, BrO3 chromate, CrO4 phosphite, PO3 − 3− chlorate, ClO3 dichromate, phosphate, PO4 2− Cr2O7 2 www.ck12.org Chapter 1. Polyatomic Ions TABLE 1.1: (continued) − chlorite, ClO2 hydrogen 2− phosphate, HPO4 − 2− cyanide, CN oxalate, C2O4 2− dihydrogen peroxide, O2 − phosphate, H2PO4 2− hydrogen carbonate, silicate, SiO3 − HCO3 2− hydrogen sulfate, sulfate, SO4 − HSO4 2− hydrogen sulfide, sulfite, SO3 HS− hydroxide, OH− hypochlorite, ClO− − nitrate, NO3 − nitrite, NO2 − perchlorate, ClO4 permanganate, − MnO4 The vast majority of polyatomic ions are anions, many of which end in -ate or -ite. Notice that in some cases such as − − nitrate (NO3 ) and nitrite (NO2 ), there are multiple anions that consist of the same two elements. In these cases, the difference between the ions is in the number of oxygen atoms present, while the overall charge is the same. As a class, these are called oxoanions. When there are two oxoanions for a particular element, the one with the greater number of oxygen atoms gets the -ate suffix, while the one with the fewer number of oxygen atoms gets the -ite suffix. The four oxoanions of chlorine are shown below. • ClO−, hypochlorite − • ClO2 , chlorite − • ClO3 , chlorate − • ClO4 , perchlorate In cases such as this, the ion with one more oxygen atom than the -ate anion is given a per- prefix. The ion with one fewer oxygen atom than the -ite anion is given a hypo-prefix. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/184600 MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: https://www.ck12.org/flx/render/embeddedobject/184602 3 www.ck12.org Summary • Polyatomic ions contain more than one type of atom in the ion. • The majority of polyatomic ions are anions that are named ending in “ate” or “ite.” • Some anions have multiple forms and are named accordingly. Review 1. Write the formulas for the following ions: 1. ammonium 2. carbonate 3. sulfate 4. phosphate 2. Name the following ions: 3− 1.PO 3 2− 2. SiO3 3.OH − − 4. MnO4 • polyatomic: An ion composed of more than one atom. References 1. Huhu. Bella Rosa. 2. Ben Mills (Wikimedia: Benjah-bmm27). Ammonium. 3. Ben Mills (Wikimedia: Benjah-bmm27). Hydroxide. 4. Ben Mills (Wikimedia: Benjah-bmm27). Carbonate. 4.