White Book of the Sustainable Mobility in the early XXI century Con laCon colaboración Con la lacolaboración colaboración de: de: de: Con Con la colaboraciónla colaboración de: de: Con la colaboración de: Con laConCon colaboración la la colaboración colaboración de: de: de: Editor: Clúster d’Eficiència Energètica de Catalunya (CEEC) / Via Laietana, 39, 08003 Barcelona Coordination: Jaume Roca (COMSA EMTE), Bàrbara Urdillo (CEEC), MªJosé Viladomiu (Institut Cerdà) Authors: Jordi Castells (ICAEN), Albert Cot (COMSA EMTE), Miquel Cruz (IREC), Albert Fayós (GTD), Albert Guasch (Institut Cerdà), David Huguet (UPC), Marc Iglesias (Institut Cerdà), Jaume Roca (COMSA EMTE), Manel Sanmartí (IREC), Narcís Teixidó (Institut Cerdà), Narcís Vidal (ENDESA), Roberto Villafáfila (CITCEA -UPC) Technical review: Francesc Astals (Department of transport, UPC) Translation and linguistic review: Tick Translations® Design: Kunste Design Studio Index Foreward ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 Conflicts and problems associated with mobility ............................................................... 6 1. Incentive parking and Bus-HOV lanes .............................................................................. 8 2. Urban mobility management .............................................................................................. 38 3. Improvements in public transport and sharing systems ................................................. 68 4. The electric vehicle ................................................................................................................ 113 5. Alternative fuels ..................................................................................................................... 127 6. Urban goods distribution (UGD) ........................................................................................... 146 7. Incorporation of new technologies on the public roadway ............................................. 166 References and bibliography .................................................................................................... 180 Interviews with agents and relevant companies of the mobility sector .......................... 198 Foreword At the Catalonia Energy Efficiency Cluster, we are during the period of low demand promotes the in- strongly backing the promotion of energy efficiency tegration of renewable energies such as wind power in all daily aspects of society. However, the transport and allows the demand curve to be flattened during sector is a very important sector because it is the peak hours. greatest consumer of final energy, providing a huge challenge for the future and positioning sustainable For this reason, inefficient mobility has become a mobility as a great opportunity for the business fa- key factor in energy savings and efficiency, and that bric and, specifically, for more than 110 companies is what has led to the development of this book by forming part of CEEC. a group of experts from the CEEC Efficient Mobility Working Group. The greatest number of journeys for people and goods take place in cities, a fact which leads us to Throughout this document, various experiences are search for intelligent solutions which allow us to or- presented regarding the efficient use of mobility in ganize these journeys and, as a consequence, reduce large cities, covering everything from new pilot pro- emissions and optimize the available resources. At jects to reduce the use of private vehicles in cities to CEEC, we believe that the electric vehicle is a good the use of alternative fuels and low emission trans- example, because it can help to manage the elec- port means. trical system more efficiently: charging the vehicle Carles Xavier Albà President of the Catalonia Energy Efficiency Cluster (CEEC) 4 Introduction “We all have our house, which is our private home; and the city, which is our public home.” Enrique Tierno Galván “Progress and development are impossible if one continues to do things as they have always been done. “ Wayne W. Dyer Transport has become an essential element in both mobility has become a collective necessity, effective the social and the economic development of socie- management is inevitable. ties, and thanks to the evolution of the motor car a huge growth in mobility options for citizens has come This document came about by taking into account about. However, it must be taken into account that this concept, and intends to establish a strategic the external effects caused are not always positive. framework in which a set of measures and guide- lines are brought together which help cities address It is also necessary to understand that the current questions such as: What can we do to make our cities expansion of cities poses a challenge for urban more attractive for their inhabitants and their busi- transport, as every day more people are making jo- nesses?, How can we obtain an efficient, sustainable urneys, and we must not forget that, whether we transport infrastructure?, How can technology help like it or not, we share a common and limited space. us to achieve this? This growth which cities are being subjected to is all the more obvious when it is seen that only 30 % of The main reason to follow this route is the optimi- the world’s population lived in cities in about 1950, zation of the cost and benefit function for transport. while this percentage had already risen to 47 % by In order to obtain this, a series of procedures are 2000, and it finally surpassed 50 % in 2007. Faced outlined in this study which will attempt to address, with the rapid expansion of urban centres, and given firstly, the problems of congestion and the resulting that it is currently estimated that around 60 % of inconvenience (lost time, accidents, environmental the world’s population will live in cities in 2030, it is impact, deterioration of health, among others) by clear that humanity will have to adapt to the era of mainly establishing short-term standards, but wi- the metropolis and megalopolis in the future, while thout losing sight of medium and long-term actions. at the same time confronting the need to generate different mobility models 1. In order to achieve said standards, meetings have been organized with the key agents involved in mo- The current mobility model was based on indivi- bility in the metropolitan area of Barcelona to deba- dual freedom and the advantages which the priva- te the current problems and compile observations, te vehicle provided (work and residence freedom points of view and ideas which will resolve them. in various parts of the world, free trade and leisure, among others), in such a way that now it is necessary Specifically, the White Book for Efficient Mobility to adopt strategies which allow the more and more attempts to present new mobility proposals which serious conflicts which this freedom has generated allow city managers to have solutions available in to be resolved, but without jeopardizing urban be- order to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants. haviour and organization; that is to say, given that 1 United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 2007 Revision 5 Conflicts and problems associated with mobility For societies these days, mobility has become a basic • Highly populated zones with deficient transport necessity that must be satisfied in such a way that infrastructures and low connectivity. Once again it does not have negative repercussions for the de- this is the result of the private vehicle. velopment, whether economic, social, educational, etc. of said society, nor on quality of life. • Urban dispersion, both residential and industrial, has increased the mobility problem as the low The main problem centres on “does not have nega- density makes offering quality public transport tive repercussions”. The most deeply rooted mobility impossible and, for that reason, the use of the pri- culture among people is that of “door to door”: less vate vehicle has been unstoppable in these zones. time and greater comfort. All this has brought us to a mobility model based on the private vehicle, with • Atmospheric pollution. The emission of green- this being the least suitable for densely populated house gases, the loss of air quality and the noise areas, and this is leading to a reduction in the com- produced cause, among other factors, a deterio- petitiveness of these areas. ration in health and the environment. In this section, the intention is to offer a global vi- • Loss of quality of life and a sedentary lifestyle. sion of what the conflicts are and how they are in- New social habits, among them the increase in terlinked and accumulate to the point where they motorized transport, could have a negative im- cause the current problems in urban mobility. In pact on the health of persons and cause illnesses this way, it will be possible to glimpse the situation such as obesity. in which we will find ourselves in the future if it is not possible to convert this model into one which is • Traffic accidents. In Spain, there were 2,130 and more sustainable and efficient. 584 fatalities recorded on the road and in urban areas respectively during 2009, and likewise Of the numerous conflicts, the following are worth 62,928 injuries on roads and 62,038 in urban highlighting: zones.