“AGRICULTURAL LAND USE AND PRODUCTIVITY IN PHALTAN TAHSIL OF SATARA DISTRICT” A THESIS SUBMITTED TO TILAK MAHARASHTRA VIDYAPEETH, PUNE. FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHY UNDER THE FACULTY OF MORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES BY SHRI. K.S.SURWASE M.A UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF DR. S.B.ZODAGE M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D. Head and Associate Professor, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI COLLEGE, SATARA. APRIL, 2016 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Agricultural Land Use and Productivity in Phaltan Tahsil of Satara District”, Which is being submitted herewith for the award of the Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph. D.) in Geography of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune is the result of original research work completed by Mr. Kashinath S.Surwase under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other University or examining body. Date: 25/04/2016 Research Guide i DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Agricultural Land Use and Productivity in Phaltan Tahsil of Satara District”, is the original research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. S. B. Zodage, Head and Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Chhatrapati Shivaji College, Satara for the award of Ph. D. degree in Geography to the Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune. This has not been submitted previously for the award of any degree or diploma in any other university. Date: 25/04/2016 K.S. Surwase Research Student ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply grateful to my guide Dr. S.B. Zodage, Head, Department of Geography, Chhatrapati Shivaji College, Satara, for his unstinted moral support, valuable guidance, his kindness, help, encouragement and devotion to my work. I find these words inadequate to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am highly indebted to him for all he did for me. I appreciate his valuable criticism and concern in the progress and presentation of my thesis and very useful suggestions at every stage of this research work. I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude towards Vice-Chancellor, Dr. Deepak Tilak, The Registrar, Dr. Abhijit Joshi, Dr. B.D.Kulkarni Dean, Faculty of Moral and Social Sciences, Prof. Ganesh Dendage, Head, Department of Geography, T.M.V., Dr. B.C. Vaidya Department of Geography, JNU, Delhi, Dr. S.N. Karlekar, Dr. S.W. Gaikwad, S.P.College, Pune, Dr. Dhanistha S. Khandare, Librarian, Pournima Wate, Head, Department of Ph.D., Patil Sir, Ph.D. Section, and all administrative staff of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune for their co-operation and all types of support throughout the research work. I am also thankful to the Secretary Saheb, Shrimant Sanjivraje Naik Nimbalkar, Phaltan Education Society, Phaltan, Principal Dr. S.P. Rasal, Mudhoji College, Phaltan for their moral support and encouragement. I would like to express my cordial gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. S.M. Jadhav, Y.C.M. Karmala, Dr. A.A.Patil, Dr. A.Y. Shinde, Prof M.T. Dhole, Prof. S.B. Inamdar, Dr. Gaikwad S.S., Dr. Gaikwad A.R., Dr. S. M. Gawade, Dr.S.G. Dixit, Prof. U.V. Ranware, Dr. R.S. Suryawanshi, Garware College, Pune, Dr. V.P. Gaikwad, Dahiwadi College, Dahiwadi, and my friends and colleagues Dr. B.S. Kamble, Prof. G.K. More, Prof. P.R. Ratanaparkhe, Prof. B.E. Girhe, Prof. M.J. Padavi, Dr. T.P. Shinde, Prof. R.S. Chaure, Prof. V.H. Madane and Prof. M.B. Chavan for their co-operation and full support throughout the research work. I am also thankful to the administrative staff of my college for providing me various facilities for smoothening the work. I take this opportunity to thank Dr. Sunil Ogale, V.P. Baramati for allowing me to pursuit this study in the iii Geography Department. I am grateful to the Revenue Department of Phaltan Tahsil Office for their help in the data collection. I convey my thanks to Mr. M.B.Dhumal, Agricultural Assistant and Mr. R.M. Palave, Agricultural Superintendent, Phaltan Tahsil and his agricultural staff for being very helpful to me at different levels in providing me all possible data related to the research work. I am indebted to the authorities of Agricultural Department, Phaltan for imparting me an easy access for data collection and fieldwork. I must also be thankful to Prof. Kolekar, C.S.College, Satara for cartographic assistance and Mrs. Vijaya K. Surwase for computer typing. I would like to thank Mr. Somnath Kharade and Appa Surwase and all my friends for building my confidence. I also owe my indebtedness to my wife Mrs. Vijaya Surwase who not only encouraged me but also appreciated and supported in all way. My son Prashant and daughter Sneha often complained for not giving them enough time but they played a crucial role by entertaining my tired mind. I thank them also. I am also thankful to all those who might have inadvertently failed to mention here, but have made positive contribution in successful completion of this research work. Place: Pune Date: 25 /04/2016 Research Student (K. S. Surwase) iv CONTENTS Certificate i Declaration ii Acknowledgement iii List of Figures vi List of Tables viii List of Appendices ix List of Photographs x CHAPTER-I: APPRAISAL OF THE PROBLEM 1-14 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Choice of the Area 1.3 Study Area 1.4 Objective 1.5 Selection of the Problems 1.6 Methodology 1.7 Source of Data 1.8 Review of Literature 1.9 Design of the Work 1.10 References CHAPTER-II: PROFILE OF THE REGION 15-42 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Historical Background 2.2 Location and Boundaries 2.3 Physiographic Profiles 2.3.1 Relief 2.3.2 Drainage pattern 2.3.3 Soils 2.3.4 Climate 2.3.5 Temperature 2.3.6 Rainfall 2.3.7 Natural Vegetation 2.4 Geomorphology 2.5 General Land Use 2.6 Irrigation Facility 2.7 Transportation and Communication 2.8 Demographical Profile 2.8.1 Population 2.8.2 Population Growth 2.8.3 Density of Population 2.8.4 Literacy 2.8.5 Sex Ratio 2.8.6 Occupational Structure 2.9 References iii CHAPTER-III: GENERAL LAND USE PATTERN 43-61 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Meaning of Land Use 3.3 Classification of General Land Use 3.4 Temporal Variations in Land Use Pattern 3.5 Spatial Variations in Land Use Pattern 3.5 .1 Net Sown Area 3.5.2 Land Not Available For Cultivation 3.5.3 Cultivable Waste 3.5.4 Fallow Land 3.5.5 Forest Land 3.6 References CHAPTER-IV: AGRICULTURAL LAND USE PATTERN 62-87 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Temporal Variation in Agricultural Land Use (1991 To 2011) 4.3 Spatial Analysis of Agricultural Land Use (1991 To 2011) 4.3.1 Distribution of Jowar 4.3.2 Distribution of Bajara 4.3.3 Distribution of Wheat 4.3.4 Distribution of Sugarcane 4.3.5 Distribution of Maize 4.3.6 Distribution of Fruits 4.3.7 Distribution of Fodder Crops 4.3.8 Distribution of Vegetables 4.3.9 Distribution of Sunflower 4.3.10 Distribution of Pulses 4.4 References CHAPTER-V: CROP COMBINATION AND DIVERSIFICATION REGIONS 88-117 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Crop Ranking 5.2.1 First Ranking 5.2.2 Second Ranking 5.2.3 Third Ranking 5.2.4 Fourth Ranking 5.2.5 Fifth Ranking 5.2.6 Sixth Ranking 5.2.7 Seventh Ranking 5.2.8 Eighth Ranking 5.2.9 Ninth Ranking 5.2.10 Tenth Ranking 5.3 Crop Combination Regions 5.4 Crop Diversification Regions 5.5 References iv CHAPTER-VI: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND LEVELS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY AREA 118-135 6.1 Introduction to Agricultural Productivity 6.2 Enyedi’s Productivity Index 6.3 Productivity of Jowar 6.4 Productivity of Bajara 6.5 Productivity of Wheat 6.6 Productivity of Sugarcane 6.7 Levels of Agricultural Development 6.7.1 Introduction 6.7.2 Database and Methodology 6.7.3 List of the selected indicators/ variables 6.7.4 Distribution of variables/ indicators 6.7.5 Z-Score Value of all variables combined 6.8 Spatial Pattern and Levels of Agricultural Development 6.9 References CHAPTER-VII: CASE STUDIES OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 136-172 7.1 General Introduction 7.2 Basis of Sampling 7.3 Land Use Pattern of Sample villages A. Barad Village B. Sasakal Village C. Dhaval Village D. Padegaon Village 7.4 Resume 7.5 References CHAPTER-VIII: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 173-191 8.1 Summary 8.2 Problems and Strategy 8.2.1 The Eastern part of the Phaltan Tahsil 8.2.2 The Western part of the Phaltan Tahsil 8.3 Suggestions 8.4 Conclusion Bibliography 192-198 Appendices 199-235 Photographs 236-240 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Page No. No. Chapter-II 2.1 Location of the study area 19 2.2 Villages of Phaltan Tahsil 21 2.3 Revenue Circles of Phaltan Tahsil 22 2.4 Physiography 23 2.5 Relief and Drainage pattern 24 2.6 Drainage pattern 25 2.7 Soil types 26 2.8 Mean Monthly Temperature 27 2.9 Month wise Rainfall Distribution 30 2.10 Annual Average Rainfall 31 2.11 Geomorphological Map 33 2.12 General Land use Pattern (2011) 34 2.13 Transportation 37 2.14 Decade wise growth of population 39 2.15 Occupational Structure 41 Chapter-III 3.1 Temporal variation in Land use pattern(1991to 2011) 50 3.2 General land use from Net Sown Area (1991 to 2011) 51 3.3 N.