TIME ONE Discover How The Universe Began TIME ONE Discover How The Universe Began Colin Gillespie © 2013 Colin Gillespie ISBN 978-0-9918436-0-2 Dust jacket and book design by Grandesign, Ltd. Dust jacket art and book illustration © 2013 Big Fizz Inc., based on an original work by Cyrus Smith The original of the embedded Calabi-Yau manifold image on the cover was made by Wikimedia user Lunch, following instructions provided by Andrew Hanson of the University of Indiana. Sources of quoted materials can be found at www.timeone.ca. Printed in Canada BOOK ONE OF THREE Theme of the Work Science is the study of emergence Religion is reflection on all else The beginning brings them both together For those without whom this work would not be Joan, Don, Brian, Carolyn and all who wrought And the many more who thought and taught vi I am asking a question which has to be asked at the beginning of an enquiry about anything—was the world, I say, always in existence and without beginning? or created, and had it a beginning? Plato (360 BCE) In imagination there exists the perfect mystery story. Such a story presents all the essential clews, and compels us to form our own theory of the case. Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld (1938) Where and when it all began still remains the most intractable problem of modern cosmology. Andrei Linde (1994) vii CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................................................... 14 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 16 The Sinecure ..................................................................................................................... 18 PART I: THE CASE HISTORY..................................................................................... 20 Wishing Well .................................................................................................................... 22 Enter the Detective ..........................................................................................................27 The Old Divide ................................................................................................................. 32 Trouble in Paradise ......................................................................................................... 36 The New Divide................................................................................................................ 38 Bridging Divides .............................................................................................................. 48 Relatively Speaking ..........................................................................................................51 Generally Speaking .........................................................................................................56 Einstein’s Universe ........................................................................................................... 60 Quantally Speaking ......................................................................................................... 64 It’s Complementary .........................................................................................................70 The Copenhagen Hegemony ..........................................................................................74 Effect and Cause .............................................................................................................. 78 De Broglie and Bohm ......................................................................................................81 On Location ...................................................................................................................... 84 Looking Far ....................................................................................................................... 86 Looking Forward, Looking Back ................................................................................... 89 The Expanding Universe .................................................................................................94 The Disappearing Universe ............................................................................................ 98 The Antigravity Effect ...................................................................................................101 The Primeval Atom ....................................................................................................... 103 The Aether Story ............................................................................................................107 A Time for Space ........................................................................................................... 110 The Grip of Gravity ....................................................................................................... 113 What’s the Matter ..........................................................................................................115 Time to Tunnel ...............................................................................................................118 Beauty and a Beast .........................................................................................................121 Both Sides Now ..............................................................................................................124 Strings and Things .........................................................................................................126 The War for Independence ...........................................................................................129 Loop Quantum Gravity................................................................................................. 132 The Mysterious Manifold ............................................................................................. 134 Getting Organized .........................................................................................................136 In a Word ........................................................................................................................ 138 ix Faith in Math .................................................................................................................. 142 Because We Are Here ................................................................................................... 145 PART II: THE COSMIC CLUES .................................................................................148 The Investigation ........................................................................................................... 150 The Mystery of the Missing Bang ................................................................................153 The Problem of Two Theories ......................................................................................157 The Problem of the Special Frame .............................................................................. 159 The Problem of the Three Dimensions .......................................................................161 The Problem of Kaluza and Klein ................................................................................163 The Problem of the peedS of Light .............................................................................. 165 The Problem of Inertia ..................................................................................................166 The Riddle of Rotation ..................................................................................................170 The Horizon Problem.................................................................................................... 173 The Lumps Problem ......................................................................................................175 The Reason for Smoothness .........................................................................................178 The Problem of Filling Space ....................................................................................... 179 The Flatness Problem ....................................................................................................181 The Problem of Dark Energy ........................................................................................183 The Vacuum Catastrophe .............................................................................................185 The Missing Monopoles ............................................................................................... 187 The Atomic Matrioshka Problem ................................................................................189 The Problem of Antimatter ..........................................................................................192 The Boundary Problem .................................................................................................194 The Observer Problem ..................................................................................................196 The Measurement Problem ..........................................................................................198 The Reality of Non-Locality .........................................................................................201 The Spooky Action Problem ........................................................................................203 The Mystery of Superposition...................................................................................... 205 The Problem of