COMMONWEALTH of VIRGINIA Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: Rare Animals Compiled by: Steven M. Roble, Zoologist Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, Virginia Natural Heritage Technical Report 16-07. February 2016 NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF VIRGINIA: RARE ANIMALS FEBRUARY 2016 VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND RECREATION DIVISION OF NATURAL HERITAGE 600 EAST MAIN STREET RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 23219 (804) 786-7951 List Compiled by Steven M. Roble Staff Zoologist Cover illustrations (left to right) by Megan Rollins Indiana Myotis Red-cockaded Woodpecker Regal Fritillary This report should be cited as: Roble, S.M. 2016. Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: Rare Animals. Natural Heritage Technical Report 16-07. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, Virginia. 56 pp. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 1 LIST FORMAT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 PRIMARY SOURCES OF COMMON NAMES ................................................................................................................ 7 PART ONE. RARE ANIMAL LIST ................................................................................................................................... 9 VERTEBRATES .................................................................................................................................................................. 10 FISH ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 AMPHIBIANS .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 REPTILES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 BIRDS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13 MAMMALS .................................................................................................................................................................. 15 INVERTEBRATES .............................................................................................................................................................. 16 TURBELLARIA (FLATWORMS) ............................................................................................................................... 16 GASTROPODA (SNAILS) ........................................................................................................................................... 16 BIVALVIA (MUSSELS & CLAMS)............................................................................................................................ 17 ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS) ....................................................................................................................... 18 ARACHNIDA (SPIDERS, PSEUDOSCORPIONS & RELATIVES) .......................................................................... 18 CRUSTACEA (AMPHIPODS, ISOPODS & DECAPODS) ....................................................................................... 19 DIPLOPODA (MILLIPEDES) ...................................................................................................................................... 20 CHILOPODA (CENTIPEDES) ..................................................................................................................................... 21 COLLEMBOLA (SPRINGTAILS) ............................................................................................................................... 21 DIPLURA (DIPLURANS) ............................................................................................................................................ 22 EPHEMEROPTERA (MAYFLIES).............................................................................................................................. 22 ODONATA (DAMSELFLIES & DRAGONFLIES) .................................................................................................... 22 PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES) ................................................................................................................................... 24 ORTHOPTERA (GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS & RELATIVES) ..................................................... 24 HEMIPTERA (TRUE BUGS, CICADAS, LEAFHOPPERS & RELATIVES) ........................................................... 24 COLEOPTERA (BEETLES)......................................................................................................................................... 25 MECOPTERA (SCORPIONFLIES) ............................................................................................................................. 26 TRICHOPTERA (CADDISFLIES) ............................................................................................................................... 26 LEPIDOPTERA (BUTTERFLIES, SKIPPERS & MOTHS) ........................................................................................ 27 DIPTERA (TRUE FLIES) ............................................................................................................................................. 30 HYMENOPTERA (BEES, WASPS, ANTS & RELATIVES) ..................................................................................... 30 ANIMAL ASSEMBLAGES ................................................................................................................................................ 30 PART TWO. ANIMAL WATCHLIST ............................................................................................................................. 31 PART THREE. ANIMAL REVIEW LIST (TAXA OF UNCERTAIN STATUS) .......................................................... 41 APPENDIX 1. FEDERALLY ENDANGERED AND THREATENED VERTEBRATES OF VIRGINIA ....................... 49 APPENDIX 2. FEDERALLY ENDANGERED AND THREATENED INVERTEBRATES OF VIRGINIA ................... 50 APPENDIX 3. EXTINCT AND EXTIRPATED ANIMALS OF VIRGINIA ..................................................................... 51 APPENDIX 4. LIST OF SYNONYMS ............................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX 5. RARE SPECIES SIGHTING FORM .......................................................................................................... 56 NATURAL HERITAGE RESOURCES OF VIRGINIA: RARE ANIMALS FEBRUARY 2016 INTRODUCTION The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s Division of Natural Heritage (DCR-DNH) was established in 1986 to protect Virginia’s biological diversity. DCR-DNH is the state’s first comprehensive program for conservation of our natural heritage, and includes an intensive statewide biological inventory, field surveys, electronic and manual database management, environmental review capabilities, and natural area protection and stewardship. Through its actions the Division identifies Natural Heritage Resources that are in need of conservation attention while creating an efficient means of evaluating the impacts of balanced economic growth. Natural Heritage Resources are defined in the Virginia Natural Area Preserves Act of 1989 (Section 10.1-209 through 217, Code of Virginia), as the habitat of rare, threatened, and endangered plant and animal species; exemplary natural communities, habitats, and ecosystems; and other natural features of the Commonwealth. To achieve this protection, DCR-DNH maintains lists of the most significant elements of our natural diversity. These lists focus the Division’s inventory on the Natural Heritage Resources most likely to be lost without conservation action in the near future. Most importantly, these lists are useful not only for DCR-DNH, but can be used by other agencies, organizations, and individuals to assist in the determination of actions in protection and development decision-making. In formulating these lists, the Division uses information from previous studies, museum records, observations and opinions of experts, DCR-DNH staff scientists, and field inventories. The first list included in this report is the Rare Animal List. This list contains information on the legal and biological status of Virginia’s rarest known native animals, including vertebrates, insects, and selected other invertebrate groups, 793 in total (189 vertebrates, 604 invertebrates). This list includes those species that are believed to be sufficiently rare or threatened to merit an inventory of their status and locations. Certain marine species that are listed as federally endangered or threatened are only included in the appendices. Only those species that use discrete habitat patches or can directly benefit from habitat protection are included in the main taxonomic lists. The second list included in this report is the Animal Watchlist. This list contains information on the legal and biological status of 347 additional taxa (74 vertebrates, 273 invertebrates)