Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies Volume 24 Article 9 November 2011 Convergences and Divergences: The Lives of Swami Abhishiktananda and Raimundo Panikkar Edward T. Ulrich Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/jhcs Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Ulrich, Edward T. (2011) "Convergences and Divergences: The Lives of Swami Abhishiktananda and Raimundo Panikkar," Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies: Vol. 24, Article 9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7825/2164-6279.1486 The Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies is a publication of the Society for Hindu-Christian Studies. The digital version is made available by Digital Commons @ Butler University. For questions about the Journal or the Society, please contact [email protected]. For more information about Digital Commons @ Butler University, please contact [email protected]. Ulrich: Convergences and Divergences Convergences and Divergences: The Lives of Swami Abhishiktananda and Raimundo Panikkar1 Edward T. Ulrich University of St. Thomas TODAY the field of Hindu-Christian studies is the sun, squeezed together in buses, in the burgeoning with both advanced scholars and restaurant, as well as sitting in a room.”2 Until freshly minted PhDs. However, during most of Abhishiktananda’s death in 1973 they had a the twentieth century it was rare for a Christian deep friendship, and Panikkar stated that they thinker to take non-Christian religions seriously were “like brothers.”3 Although there were deep as a meaningful area of theological inquiry. bonds between the two men there were also Those who did generally limited themselves to significant differences in their approaches to theorizing about these religions in the abstract, Hinduism, and these differences can be seen in rather than in engaging with living members of terms of “acosmic” aims on Abhishiktananda’s these religions. Five outstanding exceptions part and synthetic aims and “cosmotheandrism” were Jules Monchanin, Swami Abhishiktananda, on Panikkar’s part. Raimundo Panikkar, Francis Acharya, and Bede Griffiths, all of whom were Catholic priests who Spiritual Formation in Europe settled in India over a sixteen year time period, from 1939 to 1955. There are a multitude of Swami Abhishiktananda was born in studies of these men, but only a small proportion Brittany, France. He was raised in a pious of these examine them comparatively. This is Catholic environment, where the “times and ironic, for their lives were intertwined. seasons” in the Le Saux family “were marked by Abhishiktananda (Fr. Henri Le Saux 1910- the great festivals of the Church and by the 1973) first came to India in 1948 to establish missions which were periodically held in the with Monchanin a Benedictine monastery which parish church.”4 Deeply shaped by this would follow an Indian lifestyle and the upbringing, Abhishiktananda entered the minor regulations of Hindu monasticism. Panikkar seminary, studying for the priesthood, at age (1918-2010) had a growing reputation in Europe eleven. Later, at age nineteen, influenced by the as a philosopher when he came to India in 1954 death of a friend who had resolved to become a and studied Hindu philosophy at Banaras Hindu Benedictine monk, he joined St. Anne’s Abby in University. The two priests met in Pune, where Kergonan. Abhishiktananda was giving a seminar on Benedictine monasticism consists of Gregorian chant at the Pontifical Seminary in communal living under the direction of an abbot 1957. They discussed theology “on the road, in or spiritual father. The monk must mortify his Edward Ulrich earned his doctorate in the Comparative Study of Hindu and Christian Thought from The Catholic University of America in 2001. He is currently an Associate Professor at the University of St. Thomas, where he has been teaching since 2000. His current research areas are Aurobindo Ghose, Keshub Chandra Sen, and Swami Abhishiktananda. He recently published “Poetic Influences on the Development of Aurobindo’s Spiritual and Nationalistic Convictions” in the International Journal of Hindu Studies 14, no. 1 (2010): 121-46 and “Catholic Theology, Comparative Study, and a Practice of Hindu Meditation” in Dilatato Corde 1, no. 2 (2011). At present he is researching how Sen’s views of Hindu image worship changed during his life. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies 24 (2011):36-45 Published by Digital Commons @ Butler University, 2011 1 Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies, Vol. 24 [2011], Art. 9 Convergences and Divergences 37 self-will by strict obedience to the abbot and by beyond space and time, whereas the Incarnation renouncing all personal possessions, holding involves concrete historical realities. Indeed, everything in common with the community. In Abhishiktananda had renounced human this way the monk participates in Christ’s comforts in his quest for God, and even wanted immolation of his will in his sacrifice on the to renounce human ideas of God, going straight cross. As a young man about to enter the to God beyond space and time. As he wrote in monastery Abhishiktananda reflected on the “Amour et sagesse”: “No word may speak of trials of this lifestyle: “I like to have things of God, all thought fails before God, all fruits, all my own, to have things which in some sense delights are nothing before the divine beatitude. complete my ‘I’, but in the monastery I have to Beyond, always beyond. It is not your gifts, feel that none of the things that I use belongs to Lord, that I want, but yourself; it is not for the me . And then to be condemned to avoid intellect to be dazzled by the Spirit which I human society, to be for ever secluded within aspire for, but it is your vision, the face to face extremely narrow limits, to pass a lifetime of with you, Lord.”13 which every day is identical.”5 This lifestyle During his two decades at St. Anne’s, a seemed “horrible and futile” to him, but he also desire dawned in Abhishiktananda to move to felt “driven by something which does not allow India. The specifics of how this desire arose are me to draw back or turn aside, and compels me, unknown, but both Panikkar and almost in spite of myself, to throw myself into Abhishiktananda’s biographer, Stuart, wrote that the unknown.”6 he was not finding at St. Anne’s the level of Benedictine monasticism has had different renunciation that he desired.14 Admiring India’s expressions in different times and places. A ascetical traditions, he resolved to found a 1964 publication, Benedictine Ashram, which contemplative institution in India, and gained his Abhishiktananda and Monchanin had begun abbot’s permission to settle there in 1948 and in writing in 1950, shows those aspects of 1958 established Shantivanam Ashram, which Benedictine monasticism which were especially Bede Griffiths later led. important to Abhishiktananda.7 To begin, he Raimundo Panikkar was born in Barcelona considered the praise of God to be the highest in 1918.15 As is well known, his mother was a purpose of human life and considered Catholic and his father a Hindu. Although his Benedictine monasticism to be an institution father was a Hindu he grew up in a pious devoted expressly to that aim.8 Key to this are Catholic environment. In fact, his childhood “solitude, silence, and quietude,” for activities coincided with the rule of Primo de Rivera, outside the monastery, even those that are whose dictatorship backed the Catholic Church, explicitly religious and or support human and Panikkar stated that he was “brought up in welfare, can interfere with this life of praise.9 the strictest orthodoxy.”16 Both Abhishiktananda Abhishiktananda cited approvingly a well and Panikkar would become priests, but whereas known monastic dictum, “Fuge, tace, quiesce— Abhishiktananda would emerge as a monk ‘flee, keep silent, be quiet.’”10 Panikkar would emerge as an intellectual.17 A small, unpublished book, “Amour et In 1940 Panikkar joined what is today a well sagesse,” which Abhishiktananda wrote in 1942, known institution, Opus Dei, which had been also gives insight into his spiritual life.11 The founded twelve years earlier by Father book is mainly a reflection on the Trinity, and he Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer. A unique considered the significance of the Trinity to be institution in the Catholic Church, it stresses that humans are called to share in the life of strict discipline and self-abnegation not in the God; just as the Son shares in the life of the usual context of the monastic cloister but in the Father so are humans to share in this life through arena of ordinary life. As Escrivá wrote in the the Son.12 It was unusual for a Christian to focus 1930s, “It is not necessary to abandon one’s on the Trinity, for most are focused on the state in the world to seek God, . , for every Incarnation. Trinitarian theology is a seemingly path of life can be the occasion of an encounter abstract area, much of it dealing with what lies with Christ.”18 “In that ordinary life, as we go https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/jhcs/vol24/iss1/9 DOI: 10.7825/2164-6279.1486 2 Ulrich: Convergences and Divergences 38 Edward T. Ulrich along through the world with our professional which he tried to integrate science and colleagues or coworkers . God our Father philosophy.25 gives us the opportunity to exercise ourselves in It was in 1954 that Panikkar made his first all the virtues: . poverty, humility, trip to India. He had become enamored with the obedience.”19 Panikkar was attracted to Opus liberal trends that were emerging in Catholic Dei because he found it to be a group of people theology. This, in conjunction with the fact that that stood out from the surrounding society, in he was becoming increasingly well known as a that they took their faith very seriously, stressing scholar, led to tension with Opus Dei.