6 RAPPLING 2 Rapporter från Institutionen för lingvistik vid Stockholms universitet Reports from the Department of Linguistics at Stockholm University Grammaticalization in the North: Noun Phrase Morphosyntax in Scandinavian Vernaculars Östen Dahl Stockholm 2010 2 ISBN 978-91-978304-1-6 3 Table of contents Grammaticalization in the North: Noun Phrase Morphosyntax in Scandinavian Vernaculars ................................................................................................................................ 1 Table of contents ...................................................................................................................... 3 Preface ......................................................................................................................................... 9 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 What this book is about ..................................................................................... 11 1.2 Remarks on methodology .................................................................................. 12 1.3 Sources ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Remark on notation ............................................................................................. 16 2 Peripheral Swedish: geographic, historical and linguistic background ....... 17 2.1 Geography .............................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Administrative, historical and dialectological divisions .......................... 19 2.3 Linguistic situation .............................................................................................. 26 2.3.1 Scandinavian in general ............................................................................ 26 2.3.2 Swedish ........................................................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Norrlandic ...................................................................................................... 28 2.3.4 Dalecarlian ..................................................................................................... 29 2.3.5 Trans-Baltic Swedish .................................................................................. 33 3 The expansion of the definite forms ........................................................................ 34 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 34 3.1.1 General ............................................................................................................ 34 3.1.2 Extended definites in the literature ....................................................... 35 3.1.3 Grammaticalization of definites from a typological perspective .. 36 3.1.4 Definite marking in Scandinavian in general ..................................... 43 3.1.5 Neutralization of the definite-indefinite distinction ......................... 47 3.2 Survey of extended uses of definites .............................................................. 50 3.2.1 Generic uses .................................................................................................. 50 3.2.2 Non-delimited uses ...................................................................................... 55 3.2.3 Areal distribution of non-delimited uses .............................................. 61 3.2.4 Uses with quantifiers .................................................................................. 74 3.2.5 Singular count uses ..................................................................................... 88 3.2.6 ―Det var kvällen‖ ......................................................................................... 98 4 3.2.7 Various minor patterns ............................................................................ 100 3.2.8 Preproprial articles .................................................................................... 101 3.2.9 Postadjectival articles ............................................................................... 103 3.2.10 Summary of geographical distribution of extended uses .............. 104 3.3 Some earlier attempts to explain the extended uses of definite forms 104 3.3.1 Holmberg & Sandström ............................................................................ 104 3.3.2 Extended uses of definite forms – a Fenno-Ugric substrate? ........ 107 3.4 Reconstructing the grammaticalization path ............................................. 115 4 Attributive constructions .......................................................................................... 124 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 124 4.2 Definite marking in attributive constructions: The typological perspective......................................................................................................................... 125 4.3 Survey of attributive definite NP constructions ........................................ 127 4.3.1 The deprecated standard: the Scandinavian preposed article ..... 127 4.3.2 The celebrated competitor: Adjective incorporation ...................... 130 4.3.3 The obscurer alternatives ........................................................................ 137 4.3.4 Non-standard preposed articles ............................................................. 138 4.4 Distribution of attributive definite NP constructions .............................. 140 4.5 Definiteness marking in special contexts .................................................... 149 4.6 Competition between constructions: a case study ................................... 152 4.7 Definite suffixes on adjectives ........................................................................ 154 4.8 ―Absolute positives‖ .......................................................................................... 155 5 Possessive constructions ........................................................................................... 158 5.1 General background .......................................................................................... 158 5.2 S-genitive: old and new .................................................................................... 158 5.3 Definite in s-genitives........................................................................................ 160 5.4 Constructions with the dative ........................................................................ 162 5.4.1 The plain dative possessive .................................................................... 162 5.4.2 The complex dative possessive .............................................................. 172 5.5 ―H-genitive‖ ......................................................................................................... 184 5.6 Prepositional constructions ............................................................................. 189 5.7 Possessor incorporation .................................................................................... 194 5.8 Pronominal possession ...................................................................................... 196 5.9 Concluding discussion: The evolution of possessive constructions in the Peripheral Swedish area ........................................................................................ 200 6 The rise of Peripheral Swedish: Reconstructing a plausible scenario ......... 201 6.1 General .................................................................................................................. 201 6.2 Pushed-back innovations in the pronoun system ..................................... 205 6.2.1 H- and d-pronouns ..................................................................................... 205 6.2.2 Independent hä ........................................................................................... 210 5 6.2.3 Demonstratives of the hissin type ......................................................... 211 6.2.4 Generic pronouns ....................................................................................... 212 6.2.5 Hesselman‘s ―Birka Swedish‖ theory ................................................... 213 6.3 Lexical innovations in the Peripheral Swedish area ................................ 216 6.3.1 Auxiliaries .................................................................................................... 220 6.4 Conservative features of the Peripheral Swedish area ............................ 223 6.4.1 Infinitive constructions ............................................................................ 224 6.4.2 Temporal subjunctions ............................................................................. 226 6.5 The conservativity and innovativity indices .............................................. 232 6.6 Notes on the historical background .............................................................. 235 6.6.1 Medieval Sweden ....................................................................................... 235 6.6.2 Uppland ........................................................................................................ 243 7 Concluding discussion ............................................................................................... 251 Text