WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURBS \TOLUME 10 - IRIAN JAYA f· W • • .. ~ ";; --." ., Cenderawasih University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics in cooperation with The Department of Education and Culture WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LANGUAGES AND CULTURES VOLUME 10 - IRIAN JAYA Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors Cenderawasih University and The Summer Institute of Linguistics in cooperation with The Department of Education and Culture i Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 10 - Irian Jaya Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors Printed 1991 Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia Copies of this pUblication may be obtained from Summer Institute of Linguistics P.o. Box 1800 Jayapura, Irian Jaya 99018 Indonesia Microfiche copies of this and other publications of the Summer Institute of Linguistics may be obtained from Academic Book Center Summer Institute of Linguistics 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236 U.S.A. ISBN 979-8132-742 f ....---- " ii Prakata Saya menyambut dengan gembira penerbitan buku ·Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures, Volume 10 - Irian Jaya. Penerbitan ini merupakan bukti kemajuan serta keberhasilan yang dicapai oleh Proyek Kerjasama Universitas Cenderawasih dengan Summer Institute of Linguistics, Irian Jaya. Buku ini juga merupakan wujud nyata peranserta para anggota SIL dalam membantu pengembangan masyarakat umumnya dan masyarakat pedesaan Irian Jaya khususnya. Selain berbagai informasi ilmiah tentang bahasa-bahasa daerah dan kebudayaan su·ku-suku setempat, buku ini sekaligus mengungkapkan sebagian kecil kekayaan budaya bangs a kita yang berada di Irian Jaya. Dengan adanya penerbitan ini, diharapkan penulis-penulis yang lain akan didorong minatnya agar. dapat menyumbangkan pengetahuan yang berguna bagi generasi-generasi yang akan datang dan untuk kepentingan pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada para peneliti dan tenaga teknis SIL yang telah berupaya serta bekerja keras sehingga buku ini dapat diterbitkan. Saya mengharapkan semoga buku ini berguna bagi para ilmuan, masyarakat akademis, para mahasiswa, pejabat pemerintah, dan masyarakat pembaca pad a umumnya. Jayapura, Agustus 1991 Universitas Cenderwasih, Drs. August Kafiar, MA J iii Preface Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures is published occasionally by the Cooperative Programs between the SUmmer Institute of Linguistics and Cenderawasih University in Irian Jaya, Hasanuddin University in Sulawesi and Pattimura University in Maluku. Its purpose is to share some of the knowledge gained as the result of research. projects which are unde~way in these three provinces. This particular volume focuses on Irian Jaya. In the first article in this volume the Gravelles describe the phonology of the Meah language, which is spoken in and around the district of Manokwari. The other four deal with languages which are spoken in the district of Fak-Fak. These include the Matsumuras' descriptions of Irarutu phonology and gramm~r; Lloyd Peckham's description of Mairasi phonology; and a report about a shott language survey which he conducted in Etna Bay in 1985. These articles are presented here, in the hopes that they will ·serve to increase understanding of this region and to stimulate further research into the languages and cultures of Irian Jaya. The editors would like to express our deep appreciation for Cenderawasih University and the government of Indonesia. Their sponsorship and encouragement have made this research possible. LaLani Wood Abepura, Irian Jaya May, 1991 v A Language Map of Western Irian Jaya Pacific Ocean Manokwari YAHADI ONIN Arafura Sea Key: Government Manokwari centers Language MAlRASI Names Geographical Etna Bay Features vi Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures Volume 10 - Irian Jaya Margaret Hartzler, LaLani Wood, Editors TABLB OF CONTENTS Page MBAB PHONOLOGY Gilles and Gloria Gravelle The Summer Institute of Linguistics 1 IRARUTU PHONOLOGY Takashi and Michiko Matsumura 37 The Summer institute of Linguistics IRARUTU GRAMMAR Takashi Matsumura 75 The Summer Institute of Linguistics MAIRASI PHONOLOGY Lloyd Peckham The Summer Institute of Linguistics 113 ETNA BAY SURVEY REPORT :Lloyd Peckham The Summer Institute of-Linguistics 147 - vii ETNA BAY SURVEY REPORT: IRIAN JAYA BIRD'S NECK LANGUAGES Lloyd Peckham 1 . Int~oduction 2. Previous Knowledge 2 .1 General Sit uation 2.2 Linguistic Situation 3. New Kn owledge 3. 1 Language Attitude & Use 3.2 Comparison of Mairasi a nd Semimi 4 . Conclusion and Future Needs Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography App endix B: Wordlists Appendix C: Maps Notes ABSTRACT: Anceaux suggested t hat there may be one or two languages in Etna Bay, southwestern Irian Jaya , t hat had not yet been included in the total for languages of the Bomberai Peni nsula ( 1958:118- 120). Findings of a short visit to Etna Bay 31 March, 1985 r eveal no wordlist of a 'new' language. But a more c omplete wordlist of , Iresim' is produced than had been previously p~ b lished (Voorhoeve 1975). Infor ma tion was ga thered about an­ other Mairasi language north of Etna Bay called Mer (Muri or Miere ) (listed as Miere and accurately placed in Sal zner 1960). Therefore, a trek into the Mer area was made in February and March 1986. A Mer wordlist is included . 14 7 Workpapers 1n Indonesian Languages and Cultures 1. INTRODUCTION1 Geographically, Etna Bay 1S 1n an interesting location on the border between the steep coastline of the western part of Irian Jaya's south coast and the swampy coastline of the eastern part of the south coast2 • Linguistically, it divides the Mairasi­ Tanah Merah Stock from the Central and South New Guinea Stock within the Trans New Guinea Phylum of Papuan languages (Wurm 1982:16). 2. PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE There is considerable information about exploration in the Etna Bay region. Linguistic information about the Kamoro language, of which the Nanesa dialect is spoken at the mouth of Etna Bay, is available in Drabbe (1947, 1953, 1954). Wordlists and various other minimal descriptions of Semimi are available (Voorhoeve, Anceaux). Several households of Yabi people were moved by the government to Etna Bay in the 1970's. The Yabi language and culture is related to Ekagi (Kapauku), which has received considerable attention (Doble, Posposil, Bruyn). The Iresim language (Voorhoeve) had only four words listed. It was not previously listed as one of the languages of the Etna Bay area. The documented existence of a gap in the knowledge of the languages of the area (Anceaux 1958:118-120) was a help in spawning interest in the languages of the area. 3 • NEW KNOWLEDGE A list of 200+ words from the Iresim (Erega) language was the primary finding of the brief, one night stop at Kiruru, the governmental center located at the northeast end of the bay. The secondary finding was the reported existence of a Mairasi language which the Semimi people at Kiruru called 'Muri'. This was the same name that had been gtven by Semimi people for their own language or a dialect of it in the Kayu Merah area. This resulted in the recent opportunity to get within the territory used by Mer people for hunting, which produced a 200+ 148 Etna Bay Survey Report wordlist and some information in both Mer and Mairasi about the Mer culture. Only the wordlist is presented in this paper. 3.1 Language Attitude , Use Direct observation of language attitude and use was limited to one day and one night. But a few observations and reports by the local people are worthy of note. There is an influx of people from other parts ' of Indonesia and/or Irian Jaya~. This is not entirely new, but has been accelerated since the founding of Kiruru as the governmental center in the 1970's in a place that used to be a battle-ground, according to the present residents and past visitors (Webster 1898). Koiwai was formerly a common second language in the area. The people of Lakahia say that they learned it from a man named Tibe Biasa from Kili Mala. Now Indonesian is becoming the dominant language, but Koi~ai is still used. The Kecamatan or District of Teluk Etna has three sub­ districts or desas, with a combined population of 1,800 spread over an area of approximately 3,000 square kilometers. 1) Desa Semimi is centered at Lakahia, a village of Kamoro speakers who also speak Koiwai. Historically, slave trade was carried out at Lakahia by people from Seram and Tidore through the Koiwai people (Peckham 1985). People of Etna Bay and Triton Bay remember Nanesa and Mairasi people who were taken. Tibe Untung was a Nanesa person who was taken to Namatota (and died there in 1985). It is on an island at the southeast part of the mouth of the bay. Other villages in Desa Semimi are Warifi (200 Kamoro speakers and 70 Semimi speakers), Kayu Merah (Koiwai), Omba (Kamoro), and Kiruru (Semimi, Yabi, others). The old village "Etnabaai" was abandoned in the mid 1970's for fear of landslides from the steep Bamana Mountains. (2) Desa Yamur Kecil includes villages Hetahima, Omba Pamuku, and Erega. Iresim and Yabi are said to be the languages of that sub-district. 149 Workpapers in Indonesian Languages and Cultures (3) Desa Yamur Besar includes villages Gureda, Gariau, Anggadi, and Muri3 • This is the subdistrict which includes the Mer language. People are referred to by the name of the language they speak, if they are from an area that has several languages. People in Kiruru and Warifi, for example, are called "Semimi people" or "Nanesa people" rather than "Kiruru" or "Warifi people". Multiplicity of languages is an accepted fact of l~fe. Housing appears to be arranged by language in Kiruru and in Warifi. In Warifi, the Semimi and Nanesa housing areas are separated by over one hundred meters of space empty of houses. Intermarriage is said to occur frequently between Semimi and Nanesa people. Such households are said to retain both languages and Indonesian or Malay as well.