Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork 2011 Contents Ciana Aspell: I’ll eat what she’s eating — can the university student experience influence eating behaviours? 1 Anna Marie Brennan: Investigating the accountability of Transnational Armed Groups under International Law for armed attacks 6 James Browne: Could waste fuel our cars? 11 Jenny Butler: An ethnographic study of Irish Neo-Pagan culture 16 Brendan Cahill: Characterizing Ireland’s wave energy resource 21 Kevin Cahill: What CLASS are you in? A study of social class, school choice and identity 26 Nicola Cornally: Help-seeking behaviour for chronic pain 31 Dug Cubie: Can legal frameworks for disaster response be improved? 35 Aileen Cudmore: Seeing the wood for the trees: land-use legacies in native woodland 40 Noirin Curran: Immersion: the key to a good gaming experience 45 Rick Deady: ‘Moral shielding: A grounded theory of moral integrity maintenance within multidisciplinary teams’. 49 Gangotri Dey : The role of copper in the Electronics Industry as an interconnecting agent 53 Dawn Farrell: Inflammatory bowel disease: a beast of burden 57 Jacqueline Fitzgibbon: Justifying Jihad: US politics, propaganda and the Afghan Mu- jahedeen, 1979-1989 62 Domnall Fleming: Student voice in Irish post-primary schools: is the challenge too challenging? 66 Carina Évora Gomes: Development of a robust degassing process for carbonated bever- i SNAPSHOTS OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK age using gas stripping 71 Niamh Goulding: A new cure for hypertension — Renal Denervation 74 Gráinne Greehy: Chatting with the experts: exploring Irish consumer acceptance of new food technologies 80 Irene Hartigan: Measuring adaptation following a stroke 85 Niall Heffernan: Game theory and why logic may not be very “Logical.” 88 Elaine Hoysted: The art of death and childbirth in Renaissance Italy 93 Mary Joyce : “It’s me or the website!” Investigating people’s confidence with Internet use 99 Laura Keyes: The implications of a high energy dense diet on the health of Ireland’s children 104 Geraldine Kidd: the fight for Palestine 107 Jacqueline Lyons: Size matters: exploring the links between food portion sizes and diet quality in Irish children 112 Ian Magee: Why do skeletons lie about their age? 118 Angela Mazza: Are we citizens adrift or citizens assured? 123 Anne McAuliffe: Palliative care for all . .. Really? 126 Fergus McAuliffe: Constructed wetlands in Ireland 129 Colm McAuliffe: Sean O’Faoláin, The Bell and the voice of Irish dissent 134 Alan J. M. Noonan: ‘Oh those long months without a word from home’, Migrant letters from mining frontiers 137 Ivan McLaughlin: Is there a Sheriff anymore? Vietnam’s legacy on US-Nicaraguan rela- tions during the Carter Era, 1977-1981 144 Damien Mc Sweeney: Dadaab. a forgotten city in the 21st century 149 Colm Cornelius Murphy: Changing shapes: How the trachea of the leatherback turtle responds during deep diving 156 Sean Murray: Energy efficiency in universities: the need for guidance and a strategic approach 161 ii SNAPSHOTS OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK Brid O’ Brien : What is the perioperative nurses main challenge when caring for the surgical patient? 169 Oliver O’Hanlon: Ireland through French eyes: reports from Ireland in French newspa- pers in the 20th century 173 Niamh O’Mahony: The poetic construction of the self 178 Rola (Hamed) Abu Zeid — O’Neill : Living between memory, war, and daily life 183 Lisa Quigley: Using state-of-the-art DNA sequencing technology to reveal the bacteria present in Irish artisanal cheese 187 Denis Ring : Manufacturing challenges in the production of high quality modified-release tablets 193 Laura Russell: The coldest place in Ireland 200 Gearóid Ryan: Hedging your bets in a volatile world: an introduction to the use and pricing of European call options. 207 Siva Linga Sasanka Velivelli: How can bacteria benefit plants? 211 Amy Watkins: Whispering-gallery-mode microbubble resonators: fabrication and char- acterization 215 Hang Yin: Decision support for building renovation strategies 221 iii SNAPSHOTS OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK Introduction Every year, doctoral students in UCC publish books, theses and papers sharing the outputs of their research with peers in their academic disciplines, covering fields from medicine to climate change, and from law to food. While the outputs of the work may be of interest to others beyond this community, there are few opportunities for them to learn about the work. In addition, the language used for scholarly communication is often not that which would be happily understood by the interested non-expert. The Boolean was introduced in 2010 to try and bridge this gap between the work doctoral students in UCC and the sharing of the outputs of this work more widely. The first volume, following its online publication in late 2010, has been accessed and read widely all over the world, and many articles have been downloaded hundreds of times. The authors whose work is described in the pages of this volume were challenged to learn a new language of communication, to present their findings to an audience with no pre- knowledge of the field. They then took feedback both from staff and student reviewers, to give the final versions published here. All authors are to be congratulated for rising to this challenge so well, and for bringing to life both the breadth of research ongoing in UCC and their passion for their work. We hope all readers will find these articles stimulating, interesting and informative, and thank all those who have contributed to this volume. ‘The Boolean’ team October 2011 iv SNAPSHOTS OF DOCTORAL RESEARCH AT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK Staff Editors: Professor Alan Kelly, Dean of Graduate Studies Professor Graham Allen, Vice-Head of College of Arts, Celtic Studies and Social Sciences Dr Orla Murphy, School of English Dr Ruth Ramsay, Dean of Graduate School of College of Science, Engineering and Food Science Michelle Nelson, Head of Graduate Studies Office Student Editorial Board: Aimee Brennan, School of Sociology and Philosophy Anne-Marie Devlin, School of Languages, Literature and Culture Gavin Dillon, Department of Early and Medieval Irish Farhan Manzoor, School of Engineering Jane Power, Department of Economics Bairbre Walsh, School of English Editorial assistant: Gretta McCarthy, Graduate Studies Office The journal team also wish to thank Peter Flynn, UCC Computer Centre, for his invaluable assistance. We would also like to acknowledge the co-operation of Elsevier in development of the system used for article submission and review. For comments or queries, please contact [email protected] v Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork 2011 I’ll eat what she’s eating — can the university student experience influence eating behaviours? Ciana Aspell Food Business and Development, UCC The pathway to university If I asked you to draw your food habits over your lifetime as a pathway what would it look like? Would it be a straight line, or perhaps have more of a meandering appearance? This research looks at food habits like a pathway through life, or the Food Life Course, concentrating on how food habits are formed and how subsequently these habits are re- fashioned due to a change in circumstances. We develop patterns of behaviour around food in childhood largely as a result of familial influences and these behaviours evolve as an individual moves through different life stages. However, the impact of life events on an individual’s food choices can vary depending on social and personal influences and the eating environment itself. Figure 1: The Food Life Course. Female students’ eating behaviours may meander during the transition to university So, for example, what would happen if I took an individual out of the routine of their fam- ily environment and thrust them into a totally new environment with completely different influences? Influences like new social networks and that of a new social institution. That is exactly what happens when an adolescent starts University. I am specifically going to 1 I’ll eat what she’s eating — can the university student experience CIANA ASPELL influence eating behaviours? concentrate on female students and how social and personal factors interact to influence individual behavioural patterns. I am focussing on what is called the’ transition to uni- versity’ and the effect (if any) this has on the eating behaviours of young women. Eating behaviours of these young women can be quite complex, with femininity and beauty ide- als coming to the fore. Norms and ideals in relation to food can become rooted in a value system that communicates thin as the ideal of beauty and perfection. The result can be a refashioning of food habits where peer influences become the dominant role in relation to these choices. To the point of entering University a food pathway may be been relatively straight, but due to the transition, food choices may go into flux and may not stabilise until they finish university. However, the impact of this transition can be long-term; in this case previous eating patterns are never returned to. Motivations for food choice Within this new context I am interested in the extent to which peer influences impact on a female’s food choice or, to put it another way, the degree of personal choice a female student feels she has over her choices. If we can imagine a group of girls sitting in the university canteen each one in turn makes her lunch choice, until we come to one girl in particular, let’s call her Maeve. Now let me give you some background on Maeve. She chooses to play music and sport because she finds them fulfilling and enjoyable so overall Maeve exerts free choice over her life domains. However, in certain contexts, like university, peers can have a substantial impact on Maeve’s motivations or intentions, especially in the realm of food choice and consumption.