Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants Region 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, Oregon PRIMARY AUTHOR The Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants was prepared by Clyde Imada of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Modifications have been made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ii DISCLAIMER PAGE Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, publish recovery plans, sometimes preparing them with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Objectives will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Costs indicated for task implementation and/or time for achievement of recovery are only estimates and are subject to change. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views nor the official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than our own. They represent our official position only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Director as approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery tasks. Literature Citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. viii + 125 pages. Additional copies may be purchased from: Fish and Wildlife Reference Service 5430 Grosvenor Lane, Suite 110 Bethesda, MD 20814 telephone: 301/492-6403 or 800/582-3421 fax: 301/564-4059 e-mail: [email protected] http://fa.r9.fws.gov/r9fwrs/ Fees for plans vary depending on the number of pages. An electronic version of this recovery plan will also be made available at http://www.r1.fws.gov/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/default.htm. iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Current Species Status: This Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants covers 10 plant taxa that were listed as endangered in September 1999. Numbers of known remaining populations and individuals are as follows: TAXON POPULATIONS INDIVIDUALS Clermontia samuelii 4 309 Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis 3 204 Cyanea glabra 112 Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora 712 Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis 1 60 to 65 Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi 4 13 Kanaloa kahoolawensis 11 Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis 3 300 to 800 Labordia triflora 110 Melicope munroi 2 300 to 800 Distribution: All 10 plant taxa, hereafter referred to as the “Multi-Island Addendum plants,” are endemic to the Maui Nui group of islands in the Hawaiian Islands. This group includes Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe. Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors: The 10 plants grow in a wide range of vegetation communities (shrublands, lowland forest, and montane forest), elevational zones (coastal to montane), and moisture regimes (dry to wet). The 10 plant taxa and their habitats have been variously affected or are currently threatened by one or more of the following: competition, predation or habitat degradation from alien species, natural disasters, and random environmental events. Recovery Objectives: Delisting. Interim and downlisting objectives are provided to stabilize extremely rare plants and downlist the endangered plants to threatened status. Management units should be delineated to conserve not only these taxa, but their habitats as well. iv Recovery Criteria: • Interim Objective The interim objective is to stabilize all existing populations of the Multi-Island Addendum plants. To be considered stable, each taxon1 must be managed to control threats (e.g., fencing, weeding, etc.) and be represented in an ex situ2 collection. In addition, a minimum of three populations of each taxon should be documented on islands where they now occur or occurred historically. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing and increasing in number, with the following minimum numbers of mature individuals: 25 for long-lived perennials and 50 for short-lived perennials. There are no annual plants in this addendum. • Downlisting Objectives For downlisting, a total of five to seven populations of each taxon should be documented on islands where they now occur or occurred historically. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing, stable or increasing in number, and secure, with the following minimum numbers of mature individuals per population: 100 for long-lived perennials and 300 for short-lived perennials. Each population should persist at this level for a minimum of 5 consecutive years before downlisting is considered. • Delisting Objectives For delisting, a total of 8 to 10 populations of each taxon should be documented on islands where they now occur or occurred historically. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing, stable or increasing in number, and secure from threats, with the following minimum numbers of mature individuals per population: 100 for long- lived perennials and 300 for short-lived perennials. Each population should persist at this level for a minimum of 5 consecutive years. 1 Taxon, plural taxa. A term used in biological classification (taxonomy), meaning a group of organisms at any rank (in this recovery plan, the ranks are variety, subspecies, and species). 2 Ex situ. Off-site, as in a botanical garden, as opposed to in situ, in a plant’s native habitat. v Actions Needed: 1. Protect habitat and control threats. 2. Expand existing wild populations. 3. Conduct essential research. 4. Develop and maintain monitoring plans. 5. Reestablish wild populations within historic range. 6. Validate and revise recovery criteria. Total Estimated Cost of Recovery (in thousands of dollars): Year Need 1 Need 2 Need 3 Need 4 Need 5 Need 6 Total 2002 2,087 0 487 0 0 0 2,574 2003 2,365 0 487 0 0 0 2,852 2004 3,434 0 487 0 0 0 3,921 2005 3,434 18 487 81 0 0 4,020 2006 3,400 18 487 81 0 0 3,986 2007 3,177 0 109 81 21 72 3,460 2008 3,177 0 109 81 21 72 3,460 2009 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 2010 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 2011 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 2012 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 2013 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 2014 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 2015 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 2016 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 2017 3,177 0 109 81 0 0 3,367 Totals 49,667 36 3,525 972 42 144 54,386 * Recovery costs for the taxa in this Addendum are based on a ratio of 10/26 from the original estimates of the Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants. Original estimates were provided by cooperators currently implementing similar actions. Some costs are yet to be determined. Date of Recovery: Downlisting and/or delisting may be considered in 2017, if recovery objectives have been met. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................. v INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 1 A. Brief Overview .................................................. 1 B. General Description of Habitat...................................... 3 C. Overall Reasons for Decline and Current Threats....................... 12 D. Overall Conservation Efforts ...................................... 20 E. Species Accounts ................................................ 30 1. Clermontia samuelii .......................................... 30 2. Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ........................... 34 3. Cyanea glabra .............................................. 38 4. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora ............................. 42 5. Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis ............................... 45 6. Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi ........................... 48 7. Kanaloa kahoolawensis ....................................... 52 8. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis ................................ 56 9. Labordia triflora ............................................. 59 10. Melicope munroi ............................................ 62 F. Overall Recovery Strategy ......................................... 65 RECOVERY............................................................ 67 A. Objectives..................................................... 67 B. Step-down Outline ............................................... 68 C. Step-down Narrative............................................. 68 REFERENCES.......................................................... 77 A. LITERATURE CITED........................................... 77 B. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS ................................. 83 C. IN LITT. REFERENCES.......................................... 84 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE.......................................... 85 vii APPENDIX A. Agency and Peer Reviewers.................................. A-1 APPENDIX B. Line Drawings ............................................ B-1 APPENDIX C. Historic and Current Distribution Maps......................... C-1 APPENDIX D. Summary of Landownership/Management ...................... D-1 APPENDIX E. Recovery Priority System.................................... E-1 APPENDIX F. Summary of Comments.......................................F-1 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Map of the Main Hawaiian Islands................................ 2 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Summary of habitat types and associated plant species for the Multi-Island Addendum plants ...................................................... 8 Table 2. Summary of threats to the Multi-Island