Human Anatomy Bio 11 Cartilage & Bone “chapter 6” Review Chapter 4 – Tissues connective tissues Skeletal System Components Functions (mostly of bone) • bones • support • protection • cartilage • lever for movement • ligaments • major storage and source of ++ --- • other – minerals: Ca and PO4 as calcium supportive phosphate & calcium carbonate connective – Fat in white marrow: lipid-soluble hormones & vitamins tissue • hematopoiesis: blood cell formation & structures maturation in spongy bone spaces Skeletal System • cartilage • bone – hyaline cartilage – osseous tissue • ~ 2/3 wet weight = • basic cartilage structure hydroxylapatite = • mostly ground substance calcium phosphate & • few & thin fibers calcium carbonate – fibrocartilage • ~ 1/3 collagen fibers • ~ hyaline cartilage + collagen fiber bundles – compact bone – elastic cartilage • osteons • ~ hyaline cartilage + – spongy bone elastic fiber bundles cartilage in the skeletal system http://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/skeletal-cartilages http://slideplayer.com/slide/9839492/ hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage Cartilage Formation and Growth Cartilage Vocab Cartilage develops and grows throughout life by a combination of • chondroblast • chondrocyte • appositional growth • perichondrium and • lacuna • interstitial growth • matrix http://jacusers.johnabbott.qc.ca/~paul.anderson/JOINTLAB/lab7answerspart1.html 5 (6) bone shape categories • long • cuboidal – named “short” but they may not be very short • flat • irregular • odd – sutural = Wormian – sesamoid https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Blausen_0229_ClassificationofBones.png Bone Cells In lacunae: • osteocytes – younger & older shown here NOT in lacunae: • osteoblasts • Osteoclasts – (not shown here) https://veteriankey.com/bones-joints-tendons-and-ligaments/ Bone Growth and Remodeling https://veteriankey.com/bones-joints-tendons-and-ligaments/ periosteum & endosteum Within a bone, there are two types of structure composed of the same cells and ground substance compact bone tissue spongy bone tissue comprised of comprised of Haversian systems trabeculae = osteons Osteons: scanning EM https://www.pinterest.com/pin/75505731222357861 / Osteons: LM: H & E http://www.austincc.edu/histologyhelp/tissues/tr_bone_com_dcal.html Osteitis deformans imbalance between osteoclast & osteoblast activities https://www.pinterest.com/pin/8162843054593389/ Cuboidal (short) Bone: block of spongy bone with thin surface layer – veneer - of compact bone https://marchingbandanatom y.weebly.com/structure-and- function-of-bones.html Flat Bone: 2 plates of compact bone separated by thin spongy bone layer (or not) https://www.earthslab.com/physiology/gross-structure-microstructure-long-bone-flat-bone/ Long Bone • 1 diaphysis – mostly compact bone – marrow cavity • 2 epiphyses – mostly spongy bone • 2 metaphyses intramembranous ossification mesenchymal cells form fibrous CT --some differentiate into osteoblasts https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-representation-of-membranous-ossification-from-Slideshare-presentation_fig12_318206960 enchondral ossification for example here in a long bone https://www.earthslab.com/physiology/ossification-intramembranous-endochondral-ossification-functions Growth plate closure in a13 year old girl 1 year after a type II Salter-Harris fracture https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Growth-plate-closure-in-a-13-year-old-girl-1-year-after-a-type-II-Salter-Harris-fracture_fig7_320338487 … continued https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Growth-plate-closure-in-a-13-year-old-girl-1-year-after-a-type-II-Salter-Harris-fracture_fig7_320338487 Growth plate closure in a 13-year-old girl 1 year after a type II Salter-Harris fracture. (a) Left: Posteroanterior radiograph of the injured left wrist shows central closure (bracket) of the primary growth plate. The ulnar variance remains neutral. An ulnar styloid fracture also is present. Right: Posteroanterior radiograph of the normal right wrist is shown for comparison. (b) Findings on a coronal GRE cartilage-sensitive MR arthrogram of the left wrist confirm the presence of a large area of central growth plate closure with normal peripheral growth plate cartilage (arrows). epiphyseal plate zones https://www.memorangapp.com/flashcards/80549/12-4%2C+Bone+Development+Histo/ “appositional” bone growth growth in diameter or thickness requires remodeling – osteoclast activity – osteoblast activity what happens in -- entire bone -- osteons (and trabeculae) https://www.takvim.pw/appositional-bone-growth-age.html arterial supply to a long bone Nutrient arteries and veins – supply the diaphysis of long bones. Nerves usually accompany these blood vessels into the shaft of the bone. Metaphyseal arteries and veins – supply the junctional area between the diaphysis and the epiphysis Epiphyseal arteries and veins – supply the cells of the epiphyseal plate https://chronicallygratefuldebla.com/2017/06/03/blood-supply-in-bones/ Bone scans measure metabolic activity • “hot spot” = increased metabolism • “cold spot” = decreased metabolism https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/bone-scan.html Bone Fractures know main categories https://blog.23andme.com/23andme- research/is-the-vitamin-d-hype-all-its-made- out-to-be-new-bone-fractures-study- provides-some-clues/ Bone Fracture Repair http://fightland.vice.com/blog/fight-doctor-the-recovery-of-anderson-silvas-leg …. And more! http://didier-chantier.com/normal-bone-marking-foot/normal-bone-marking-foot-best-photo-gallery-website-with-normal-bone-marking-foot/ osteoporosis https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Light-microscopic-views-of-normal-left-and-osteoporotic-right-cancellous-bone_fig3_230657347.