• • • • LATE PREmSTORIC CULTURAL AFFILIATION STUDY, GRAND PORTAGE NATIONAL MONUMENT, MINNESOTA • • SeRvices LtC). o~5aki[]g . 0 U -0 • • ,-u en 0 -g 0 ~ U t:!! ~ <,., • . ..J • r-I • • • • • L c LATE PREIDSTORIC CULTURAL AFFILIATION STUDY, GRAND PORTAGE NATIONAL MONUMENT, c MINNESOTA Prepared by Caven Clark, Ph.D. [ Prepared for Grand Portage National Monument National Park Service C Contract 1443PX600098231 c c l [ [ Cultural Resources Report No. III Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. Tempe,AZ [ November 9, 1999 [ L [j o Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v D List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... n •••• V Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... vi D Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... J Research Design ............................................................................................................................................ I D Cultural/Historical Overview ........................................................................................................................ 3 Late PaleoindianlEarly Archaic .............................................................................................................. 3 D Archaic ................................................................................................................................................... 4 Initial Woodland ..................................................................................................................................... 5 D Tenninal Woodland ................................................................................................................................ 6 Archeological Cultures ................................................................................................................................. 8 What is an Archeological Culture? ......................................................................................................... 8 Archeological Cultures of the Tenninal Woodland Substage ................................................................ 8 Blackduck ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Selkirk........................................................................................................................................... 11 Sandy LakelWanikan .................................................................................................................... 13 Peninsular Woodland .................................................................................................................... 13 Juntunen ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Huron ............................................................................................................................................ 21 Geographical Distribution of Archeological Cultures .......................................................................... 24 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Ethnohistoric Cultures ................................................................................................................................ 28 What is an Ethnohistoric Culture? ........................................................................................................ 28 Who are the Ojibwe? ............................................................................................................................ 28 Ojibwe Subsistence and Settlement...................................................................................................... 30 History and the Ojibwe N8l1le .............................................................................................................. 31 Regional Historical Context ................................................................................................................. 32 The Grand Portage Community ............................................................................................................ 34 Previous Archeological Research at Grand Portage ................................................................................... 37 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 38 Mortuary Practices ........................................ , .......... ,., ................................................................................ 38 Mortuary Sites ...................................................................................................................................... 40 D Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 42 D iii l'v1iskwabik dnd 'vtishebeshu ", .......... "." .. ,.. " ... ", .... ", ................. ", ........ , ... "" ... " .. ....... 42 GI.':o!ogica! al:d Cultural Context of Lake Superior Copper ... "."'... "" ....... "",43 Historical Context of Lake Superior Copper "", ..... , .. ,,' .... ,... "" .... " .... " .. ",,43 Cllpper and OJ ibwe Beliefs .... ,,"" .... ,,' "", ............................. ,,""'" " ,44 Summar;.' ar.d Conc!usions ............................... 45 RefercnC..:!5., ""AS Appendix A; Project Statement:> ,.......... " ................................................................. " ...... ", .. """,A-I C<Jnduct Archeological SUT\e;- to brablish Res-ource Inventory ... .... ,,, ................................ ;\·1 Crt:3tt! and Maintain a GIS Layer for Cultural Properties on Grand Portage Band:'1\PS l.ands ....... A-! ~ll(iona! Register Evaluation T¢sting on Sckct~d Sites ,." ..........." .. , ...... " ... ,................. .<\-! .. ___ .A-\ Truce Element Analy:,is ('lAA) {)fPrehistllric CeramIc Clays .... " .. , ..... ,,, ... ' ..... H ••• H" ... ""., .. A-2 Appendix B: Skp~by~Step Evaluation oran Cnanticipal~tl Discov':fj SlluatJon" .... ". H·I L Are me Rem";n,, Hurnati 0r Noo-Human? . " B-1 11. Are the Remains }.;ativc ,\mcrican Or Other? .... " ....... ".......... ""......... ~,. B-1 IlL Are thef<~ "kdetal Attribute::. That Indicate Ethnic Aniliation? ........ "n ... B-1 IV, What is the Mode ofTntemmcnt? ...... V, Are' j'here Grave Goods or Other Artifacts with the Burial? .. VL An: the Grave Goods Prehistoric. llistorie, or a C ombinat!cn? .... B<2 Vi!. What .lre tho: Dates of the Artifacts? .................... ... B-2 VilL Arc the Artifact~ Attrlhutable to a Sp...'*4:-iJic Archcolvgic<)l (uitUrt<' .... .. .................. " .. 3-2 o D List of Figures 1. Grand Portage Band Tenitory ............................................................................................ ,............ 2 D 2. Major Tenninal Woodland archeological sites/areas ....................................................................... 7 3. Geographical distribution of Blackduck and Selkirk ceramics ........................................................ 9 D 4. Blackduckcerarnics ....................................................................................................................... 10 5. Selkirk ceramics ............................................................................................................................. 12 6. Geographical distribution of Sandy Lake ceramics ....................................................................... 14 D 7. Sandy Lake and Peninsular Woodland ceramics ........................................................................... 15 8. Geographical distribution of Peninsular Woodland ceramics ........................................................ 16 D 9. Geographical distribution of Juntunen ceramics ............................................................................ 19 10. Juntunen ceramics .......................................................................................................................... 20 D 11. Geographical distribution of Huron ceramics ................................................................................ 22 12. Huron ceramics .............................................................................................................................. 23 D 13. Engraved slate from 1962 Grand Portage excavations showing Midewiwin-Iike image ............... 39 List of Tables U I. Correlation Among Archeological Cultures and Their Etlmohistoric Counterparts ...................... 25 D 2. Regional Chronology ..................................................................................................................... 35 U u U D D v Acknowledgements l would !ike to cxpres) my gnnitude 10 the many ir.di\'jduais who have assi&ted me in this study. Mark Lywtt and Jeff Richner made the library rt!sources of thl! Midwest Archeologkal C,mer, National Pill}.. Service, available to me Dave Arthurs {Parks Canada) and Bill Ross (Ontario