United Nations Diversity of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Expressions Cultural Organization RE | SHAPING CULTURAL POLICIES A Decade Promoting the Diversity of Cultural Expressions for Development 2005 Convention 2015 Global Report United Nations Diversity of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Expressions Cultural Organization RE | SHAPING CULTURAL POLICIES A Decade Promoting the Diversity of Cultural Expressions for Development 2005 Convention 2015 Global Report 2005 Convention 2015 Global Report Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2015 ISBN 978-92-3-100136-9 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by‑sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (www.unesco.org/open‑access/terms‑use‑ccbysa‑en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover photo: Anh Sang-soo, the 559th hangeul day poster, 2005 Graphic design & cover design: Corinne Hayworth Printed by Imprimerie Centrale, in Luxembourg This publication was supported by Sweden. Foreword For the first time at the global level, the recently adopted United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda for 2030 acknowledges the key role of culture, creativity and cultural diversity to solving sustainable development challenges. This recognition resonates with the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, the 10th anniversary of which we celebrate in 2015. Over the last decade, this landmark Convention – now ratified by 140 Parties – has changed the overall approach on culture and cultural goods and services. It recognized the sovereign right of governments to introduce policies to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions. It highlighted the dual nature of cultural activities, goods and services: they have both an economic and a cultural dimension – providing jobs and revenues, driving innovation and sustainable economic growth, and at the same time conveying identities and values, fostering social inclusion and sense of belonging. Today, we can witness the multiple advantages of this combination, as a force for both social and economic sustainability, as a driver to promote human rights and fundamental freedoms. The new 2030 Agenda raises high expectations, and this is the importance of this first-ever UNESCO monitoring Report, to collect, analyse and disseminate information on the many different ways in which countries across the world are integrating culture into sustainable development policies and programmes. This report comes in timely support for the implementation of the new Agenda, to ensure effectiveness and maximize impact, helping countries to evaluate goals, resolve policy questions, and devise new measures that meet people’s demands and needs. It provides in-depth analysis of current trends, advances and challenges faced by all relevant policy actors -- with examples of innovative policies and measures that address contemporary issues including: transnational mobility, artistic freedom, access to international marketplaces, the digital environment. It also provides – for the first time – an integrated monitoring framework in the field of culture with proposed indicators of change and progress. My special thanks go to the Swedish Government and the Swedish International Development Cooperation agency for their generous support. Almost 20 years after the 1998 Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, this is another breakthrough contribution by Sweden to broaden the scope of global cultural policy analysis. This first biennial report makes a compelling case for placing the diversity of cultural expressions at the heart of sustainable all development efforts. With further support from Parties, donors and development partners, it is my intention to continue this publication on a regular basis. New discourses and approaches are needed to guide cultural policy. These must be accompanied by commitments to institutional and structural change in all areas of governance and management of culture. They must build on reliable planning, data collection and analysis, monitoring and evaluation, as well as on evidence-based, participatory and transparent policy-making at the national level. This will require more integrated capacity development including through South-South and triangular cooperation. This report is a contribution to this global effort, and I am convinced it will inspire more actors to take action. Now is the time. Irina Bokova Director-General of UNESCO Foreword 3 Acknowledgments This Global Report on the monitoring of the 2005 Convention would not have been possible without the contribution of many people. The UNESCO Section on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (Division for Creativity, Culture Sector) would like to acknowledge their support and thank them for their time and effort. The Global Report Team was led by Danielle Cliche (Chief of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions Section, Secretary of the 2005 Convention), with Anthony Krause (Chief of the Policy and Research Unit, Section for the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Project Coordinator), Lindsay Cotton (Production Coordinator) and Emanuele Cidonelli (Knowledge Management). Professor Yudhishthir Raj Isar (The American University of Paris and Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University) served as the Principal Editor. The independent authors contributing to this Report also constituted its editorial board: Helmut K. Anheier, Lydia Deloumeaux, Mike van Graan, Véronique Guèvremont, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, Ammu Joseph, Carl-Johan Kleberg, Octavio Kulesz, Christine M. Merkel, Nina Obuljen Koržinek, Ole Reitov, Sophia Sanan, Mikael Schultz and David Throsby. We are grateful to the Hertie School of Governance (Berlin, Germany), who partnered with UNESCO in the areas of indicator building, data collection and infographics. Special thanks go to Helmut K. Anheier, President and Dean of the Hertie School and his staff: Jessica Leong Cohen, Christopher Ellis, Olga Kononykhina, Regina A. List and C. J. Yetman. We are particularly honoured to include messages in the Report from: Christiane Amanpour (CNN chief international correspondent and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Freedom of Expression and Journalist Safety, United Kingdom), Eric Chinje (CEO of African Media Initiative, Cameroon), Sheila Copps (former Deputy Prime Minister, Canada), Sergio Fajardo (Governor of Antioquia and former mayor of Medellín, Colombia), Gilberto Gil (former Minister of Culture and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, Brazil), Park Geun-hye (President, Republic of South Korea), Angélique Kidjo (vice-president of the International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers, Benin), Alice Bah Kuhnke (Minister for Culture and Democracy, Sweden), Pascal Lamy (Former Director-General of the World Trade Organization, France), Edison Lanza (Special Rapporteur on the Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Uruguay), Neven Mimica (European Commissioner for international cooperation and development, Croatia), Jason Njoku (Founder iROKO partners, Nigeria), Rasmané Ouedraogo (President of the National Coalition for Cultural Diversity, Burkina Faso), Oussama Rifahi (Executive Director of the Arab Fund for Arts and Culture, Lebanon), Farida Shaheed (former UN Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, Pakistan) and Maria Tuerlings (Programme Director TransArtists, DutchCulture, Netherlands). Our gratitude goes to the Swedish government and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) whose financial support made this Report possible. We thank in particular Maria Arnqvist (Programme Specialist, Department for International Organizations and Policy Support, SIDA) and Mikael Schultz (Head of International Coordination, Ministry of Culture and Democracy, Sweden). The Report benefited from the advice provided by two external reviewers: Avril Joffe (Professor, Centre for Cultural Policy and Management, Wits School of Arts, South Africa) and Justin O’Connor (Professor of Communications and Cultural Economy, Monash University, Australia). A group of UNESCO staff served as an internal review board and offered their suggestions. For their input we thank: Guy Berger, Sylvie Coudray, Jane Freedman, Mathieu Guevel, François Langlois, Lynne Patchett, Ann-Belinda Preis, Marie-Ange Theobald and Barbara Torggler. Acknowledgments 5 2005 Convention 2015 Global Report We would like to thank colleagues working in the Section for the Diversity of Cultural Expressions for their inputs and contributions, in particular: Denise Bax, Melika Caucino Medici, Doyun Lee, Laurence Mayer- Robitaille, Anahit Minasyan, Rochelle Roca-Hachem, Reiko Yoshida, Marlène Zenie Raffin, Samira Zinini and Salma Zulfiqar as well as our interns who supported the