Technische Universität München Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie Defect Engineering of Zr-based MOFs Stefano Dissegna Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Chemie der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Bernhard Rieger Prüfende der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Roland A. Fischer 2. Prof. Dr. Johannes A. Lercher Die Dissertation wurde am 22/10/2018 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Chemie am 20/11/2018 angenommen. Defect Engineering of Zr-based MOFs Dissertation Submitted by Stefano Dissegna October 2018 Anhang I Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre an Eides statt, dass ich die bei der Fakultät für Chemie der TUM zur Promotionsprüfung vorgelegte Arbeit mit dem Titel: Defect Engineering of Zr-based MOFs in der Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie unter der Anleitung und Betreuung durch Prof. Dr. Roland A. Fischer ohne sonstige Hilfe erstellt und bei der Abfassung nur die gemäß § 6 Ab. 6 und 7 Satz 2 angebotenen Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. (X) Ich habe keine Organisation eingeschaltet, die gegen Entgelt Betreuerinnen und Betreuer für die Anfertigung von Dissertationen sucht, oder die mir obliegenden Pflichten hinsichtlich der Prüfungsleistungen für mich ganz oder teilweise erledigt. (X) Ich habe die Dissertation in dieser oder ähnlicher Form in keinem anderen Prüfungsverfahren als Prüfungsleistung vorgelegt. (X) Ich habe den angestrebten Doktorgrad noch nicht erworben und bin nicht in einem früheren Promotionsverfahren für den angestrebten Doktorgrad endgültig gescheitert. Die öffentlich zugängliche Promotionsordnung der TUM ist mir bekannt, insbesondere habe ich die Bedeutung von § 28 (Nichtigkeit der Promotion) und § 29 (Entzug des Doktorgrades) zur Kenntnis genommen. Ich bin mir der Konsequenzen einer falschen Eidesstattlichen Erklärung bewusst. Mit der Aufnahme meiner personenbezogenen Daten in die Alumni-Datei bei der TUM bin ich einverstanden, Stefano Dissegna Garching 10/10/2018 Acknowledgement During the time of the PhD thesis I have faced many challenges, which gave me the opportunity to learn many different lessons. What I learnt in these three years, besides doing research, is that the cultural differences are big only if you want to make them big. I had the luck, thanks to my supervisor Prof. Roland A. Fischer, to be in an innovative European training program called DEFNET which allowed me to travel a lot and know wonderful people coming from all over the world. Thanks to this experience (and privilege) I have learnt that at the end of the story we are really all the same. It may sound predictable and cheesy, but when you get over with the stereotypes that every culture has, we all share the same goals and fears. I really believe that. I have to say that my PhD experience was extraordinary, and I am not talking about research (that one let’s say was good), but I am talking about all the colleagues that are part of the Chair of Inorganic and Metal-organic Chemistry. I have been probably in the best research group at TUM. The working atmosphere was one of the best I ever experienced among all other institutes I have been. Nice and comprehensive colleagues (well I can call them friends) with which you can share the sadness of a failed experiments (even little explosions), and a beer to celebrate a success, made this possible. I want to thank the European Union for making projects like DEFNET possible. I want to thank the colleagues at ITQ in Valencia starting from Xesc for the scientific support, Anna, Hans and Victor for the wonderful time and nice coffee breaks during the months I have spent there. Also I want to thank all the colleagues in Augsburg and prof. Dirk Volkmer for the hospitality showed to the CRC refugees and for the nice time me and Rifan we had there. I really want to thank again my supervisor, Prof. Roland A. Fischer for the motivation and trust that he gave me during these three years. I also want to thank Prof. Johannes A. Lercher for accepting to be my second examiner. Moreover, I would like to thank all the other colleagues from the Kuhn´s groups for sharing their coffee room in the moment of need, and of course for the crazy seminar room raves that they organize in these years. I want to thank all AC1 members: Stefan, Joao, Michi, Konstantin, Emma, Shengyang, Werner, Julius, Kathrin, David, Fabian, Christian, Max, Lisa, Lena, Dardan, Pia, Zheng, Zhenyu, Raghav, Zahid, Margit, Patricia, Maxi, Dominik and Sebi. I also want to thank the “non-scientific” members Rodica, Toby, Maria, Gabi and Martin for the enormous help that they gave me in dealing with the non-so friendly German bureaucracy. I want to thank the “hateful eights” Mirza, Christian, Gabi, Alex, RiFi, Gregor, Markus and RoFi for all the scientific discussion/ seminars/1o1talks/ suggestions and help in general they gave me. They certainly contribute in solving many scientific problem with their suggestions. I want to thank, in particular, Werner, Zahid and Konstantin for their help in- and outside the University, nice evenings/weekend/road trips and for their precious friendship. Furthermore, I want to thank my family for the support that they gave me during all these years. I really have to thank them for the strength they were able to infuse me that allowed me to finish this important chapter of my life. Finally, I want to thank my girlfriend Irene for her continuous and endless support. Without her encouragement, motivation and patience, in all these years, I could not complete this thesis and be the person that I am today. Stefano Dissegna Per la mia famiglia e per Irene “Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita mi ritrovai per una selva oscura, ché la diritta via era smarrita.” Dante Alighieri, Divina commedia, Inferno, Canto I. Table of Contents 1 Motivation ...................................................................................................................... 1 2 General Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Defects in crystalline solid materials ...................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Point defects .................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Line defects (dislocations) ............................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Surface defects ................................................................................................. 8 2.1.4 Volume defects .............................................................................................. 10 2.2 Metal-organic frameworks .................................................................................... 11 2.3 Defects in metal-organic frameworks* ................................................................. 17 2.3.1 Synthesis of defective MOFs ......................................................................... 19 2.3.2 Characterization of defective MOFs ............................................................. 24 2.3.3 Properties of defective MOFs ........................................................................ 26 2.3.4 Guests inside MOFs ...................................................................................... 31 3 Using water adsorption measurements to access the chemistry of defects in the metal- organic framework UiO-66.* .............................................................................................. 34 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Characterization of defective UiO-66 with water adsorption measurements and other characterizations techniques. .................................................................................. 36 3.3 Catalytic testing of defective UiO-66 ................................................................... 45 3.4 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 48 4 Tuning the mechanical response of defective metal-organic frameworks.* ................ 49 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 50 4.2 Evaluation of laboratory and high pressure powder X-ray diffraction data ......... 52 4.3 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 61 5 Moving away from UiO-66 system: Evaluation of MOF-808 materials as potential catalyst in a tandem reaction ............................................................................................... 63 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 64 5.2 Structural characterization of MOF-808 and Pt@MOF-808 composite materials ... .............................................................................................................................. 68 5.2.1 Negative thermal expansion of MOF-808. .................................................... 76 5.3 Catalytic testing of MOF-808 and Pt@MOF-808 composite materials ............... 78 5.3.1 Testing MOF-808 for MPV reaction ............................................................