Phasor Measurement Units Applications Prioritization Based on Wide-Area Disturbance Events Leydi T. Zora Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Electrical Engineering Jaime De La Ree Lopez, Chair Virgilio Centeno Arun Phadke December 10, 2014 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Synchrophasors, PMUs, roadmap, PMU prioritization, wide area measurement events. Phasor Measurement Units Applications Prioritization Based on Wide-Area Disturbance Events Leydi T. Zora Abstract Synchrophasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are devices that can not only measure but also time stamp voltage, current, frequency, among others. PMUs take these synchronized measurements as fast as 60 times per second; compared with the traditional 2-4 second SCADA measurements, PMUs bring a much clear and real-time picture of what is happening in the power system. PMUs have been increasingly deployed across transmission power grids worldwide. In the USA this is primarily done by utilities through projects sponsored mainly by SIGS and Smart Grid grants. There are different applications that synchrophasors can provide, including off-line and real-time applications. However, due to budget constraints, technology development and characteristics specific to each system, not all applications are equally suitable and essential for all electric power systems. This thesis provides a method for PMU applications prioritization based on the analysis and results of wide area disturbance events. Acknowledgements First, I would like to acknowledge my committee chair, Dr. Jaime De la Ree and my mentor Dr. David Elizondo for his support throughout my thesis development. Without their expert guidance and advice, this thesis would not have been possible. I am grateful to Quanta Technology for giving me the opportunity to work with them with this project sponsored by USTDA, and to XM Colombia for providing me the bases for this study. I am very grateful I was able to contribute to the successful development of this USTDA sponsored project and to develop my thesis work based on the work done. For their technical advice during this research, I acknowledge the following engineers and technical experts – Santiago Mesa Jaramillo and Dr. David Elizondo. Finally, I am grateful to all my loved ones, specially my mom, for their encouragement throughout my graduate studies. iii Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. vii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Synchrophasor Technology in North America ............................................................................. 4 3 Case Study and Results ....................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 PMU Applications ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Colombian Transmission and Generation System ...................................................................... 45 3.3 XM Colombia ............................................................................................................................. 46 3.4 Ranking criteria for PMU applications ....................................................................................... 50 3.5 PMU applications prioritization results ...................................................................................... 56 4 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 59 5 Conclusions and next steps ................................................................................................................. 61 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 64 iv List of Figures Figure 2-1: PMU deployment in North America, 2013. [21]. Silverstein, Alison. “NASPI and Synchrophasor technology progress”. NERC OC-PC Meetings, December, 2013. PDF file. Used under fair use, 2014......................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2-2: PJM Synchrophasor Deployment [22]. Synchrophasor Roadmap. SOS Meeting, 01 March, 2012. ................................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 2-3: Application assessment. “Project Specific Deployment.” SmartGrid. U.S Department of Energy. Web. 25 Feb, 2014.<www.smartgrid.gov/recovery_act/deployment_status/project_specific_deployment>. .... 14 Figure 2-4: PMUs Installed and Operational as of Dec 2013 [24]. “Deployment Status.” SmartGrid. U.S Department of Energy. Web. 25 Feb, 2014. <www.smartgrid.gov/recovery_act/deployment_status>. Used under fair use, 2014. ................. 15 Figure 2-5: Design monitoring control strategies based on RVII, [28]. Damir Novosel. (2013). Real-Time Voltage Stability Monitoring. JSIS Meeting, Tempe, AZ, USA, January 15-17. Used under fair use 2014........................................................................................................................ 22 Figure 2-6: Synchrophasor data system in PJM. Patel, Mahendra. “PJM Synchrophasor Technology Deployment Data Network & Applications”. Applied Solutions, PJM. PDF file Used under fair use, 2014....................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 2-7: Oscillations detection: Mode meter [30]. Patel, Mahendra. “PJM Synchrophasor Technology Deployment Data Network & Applications”. Applied Solutions, PJM. PDF file. Used under fair use, 2014. ............................................................................................................ 24 Figure 2-8: Synchrophasor redundant network [30]. Patel, Mahendra. “PJM Synchrophasor Technology Deployment Data Network & Applications”. Applied Solutions, PJM. PDF file . Used under fair use, 2014. ............................................................................................................ 26 v Figure 2-9: Typical End-to-End Synchrophasor Wide-Area Measurement, Protection and Control System and its Components [33]. NASPI Report of Task Force on Testing and Certification”. NASPI TF, Report on PMU testing and certification, Oct 17, 2013. PDF file. ........................... 29 Figure 2-10: Existing super PDC architecture [37]. Paul T. Myrda, Kris Koellner. “NASPInet - The Internet for Synchrophasors” System Sciences, 2010. Proceedings of 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Used under fair use, 2014. .................................. 32 Figure 2-11: generation II System [37]. Paul T. Myrda, Kris Koellner. “NASPInet - The Internet for Synchrophasors” System Sciences, 2010. Proceedings of 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Used under fair use, 2014. ....................................................... 33 Figure 2-12: NASPInet Overview [38]."Data Bus Technical Specifications for North American Synchro-Phasor Initiative Network (NASPInet)," Yi Hu Project Manager, May 29, 2009. Used under fair use, 2014....................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 3-1: Colombian Generation Capacity ................................................................................ 46 Figure 3-2. iSAAC platform [14]. Leon, R.A; Gomez, J. E., "Colombian National Defense System against Large Scale Events," Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 IEEE , vol., no., pp.1,6, 24-29 July 2011. Used under fair use, 2014. ..................................................... 48 Figure 3-3: Geographical location of events (Source XM), [14]. Leon, R.A; Gomez, J. E., "Colombian National Defense System against Large Scale Events," Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 IEEE , vol., no., pp.1,6, 24-29 July 2011. Used under fair use, 2014..... 50 Figure 3-4: Venn diagram of criteria for PMU applications prioritization. .................................. 51 vi List of Tables Table 3-1. Transmission Network................................................................................................. 46 Table 3-2: Identified PMU Application ........................................................................................ 50 Table 3-3: Mapping of PMU