FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©1987 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami. This manuscript is available at http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/bms and may be cited as: Pugh, P. R., & Harbison, G. R. (1987). Three new species of prayine siphonophore (Calycophorae, Prayidae) collected by a submersible, with notes on related species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 41(1), 68-91. BULLETINBULLETINOF MARINEOF SCIENCE.MARINE SCIENCE,41(1): 68-91.68-91,1987 41(11987): 68-91 ,1987 THREETHREENEW NEWSPECIESSPECIESOF PRA OFYINEYlNEPRAYINESIPHONOPHORESIPHONOPHORE (CALYCOPHORAE,(CALYCOPHORAE,PRAYIDAE)PRAYIDAE)COLLECTEDCOLLECTEDBY A BY A SUBMERSIBLE,SUBMERSIBLE,WITHWITHNOTESNOTESON RELATEDON RELATEDSPECIESSPECIES P. R. PughP. R.and PughG.andR. HarbisonG. R. Harbison ABSTRACTABSTRACT Three newThreespecies newof speciessiphonophore of siphonophorebelongingbelongingto the calycophoran to the calycophoransub-familysub-familyPrayinaePrayinaeare are described.described.The individual The individualspecimensspecimensof these ofwere thesecollected, were collectedin the Bahamas, in the Bahamasregion, by regionthe , by the submersiblesubmersibleDSRV }OHNSON-SEA-LINKJOHNSON-SEA-LrNKDSRV ]OHNSON-SEA-LINKII, usingII,her usingsophisticated her sophisticatedsamplingsamplingdevices. devices.One of One of the newthespecies newhas speciesbeen hasascribed been ascribedto the genus to thePrayola genus PrayolaCarre, 1969.Carre,The 1969.other Thetwoothershowtwo show characterscharactersthat are thatintermediateintennediateare intermediatebetweenbetweenthose found thosein foundexisting in existingprayine genera prayineand generahave and have necessitatednecessitatedthe erectionthe erectionoftwo newoftwogenera,newCraseoa genera, Craseoaand Mistoprayina.and Mlstoprayinato encompass, to encompassthem. them. The morphologicalThe morphologicalcharacterscharactersthat are thatof taxonomicare of taxonomicsignificancesignificancein prayinein siphonophoresprayine siphonophores are reviewed,are reviewedand a reclassification, and a reclassificationofone existing of onespecies, existingRosacea species, RosaceavillqfrancaeCarre,villa/rancaevillafrancaeCarre, 1969,Carre, 1969, is proposed.is proposed. AlthoughAlthoughmany speciesmany speciesof siphonophoresof siphonophorescan becancollected be collectedadequatelyadequatelyby netby net samplingsamplingsystems,systemsit has, becomeit has becomeapparentapparentin recentin recentyears thatyearstherethataretherea large,are a large, and everandincreasing,ever increasing,numbernumberthat arethatnot.areFor not.instance,For instance,SCUBASCUBAdivingdivingtechniquestechniques have shownhave shownthat manythat ofmanythe apparentlyofthe apparentlyrare siphonophorerare siphonophorespecies,species,describeddescribedin in the lastthecenturylast centurybut notbutseennotsince,seenactually since, actuallyare quiteare common.quite common.This apparentThis apparent paradoxparadoxis explainedis explainedeasily byeasilythe byfact thethat factthethatanimalsthe animalsare extremelyare extremelyfragile fragileand, and, as theyaswouldthey wouldbe tombetotomshreds,to shredsdo not, doappearnot appearin net collections.in net collections. Submersibles,Submersibles,with theirwithsophisticatedtheir sophisticatedsamplingsamplingdevices,devices,have madehaveitmadepossibleit possible to extendto extendthese inthesesituinstudiessitu studiesto greaterto greaterdepths,depths,and withandsignificantwith significanteffect. Oneeffect. One importantimportantfeaturefeatureof theseofinthesesituinsampling situ samplingmethodsmethodsis thatisthethatanimalsthe animalsare col­are col­ lected individually.lected individually.In the caseIn theofcasesiphonophores,ofsiphonophores,whose whosestems canstemsstretchcan stretchout to out to many metersmany metersin length,in length,it is notit isalwaysnot alwayspossiblepossibleto captureto capturethe wholethe wholeanimal.animal. However,However,even ifevenonlyifpartonlyofpartthe animalof the animalis collectedis collectedand evenandif,evensubsequently, if, subsequently, this becomesthis becomesdissociateddissociatedinto itsintocomponentits componentpieces,pieces,one knows one knowsunequivocallyunequivocallythat that all theseallpiecesthese piecesbelongbelongto a singleto aspecimen. single specimen. DuringDuringa seriesaof seriesdivesof(OctoberlNovemberdives (OctoberlNovember1984) in1984)the invicinity the vicinityof the ofBa­the Ba­ hamas,hamas,over 130overindividual130 individualspecimensspecimensofsiphonophoresofsiphonophoreswere collectedwere collectedusing theusing the submersiblesubmersibleDSRVDSRV]OHNSON-SEA-LINKJOHNSON-SPA-LINK]OHNSON-SEA-LINKII. A fullII. Alist fullof listtheseofdivesthese anddivesa andbriefa brief descriptiondescriptionof the ofsamplingthe samplingdevicesdevicesused isusedgivenisin givenPugh inand PughHarbisonand Harbison(1986).(1986). These Thesedevicesdevicesconsistconsistof slurpofguns,slurpwherebyguns, wherebyeven 10+evenm-Iong10+ m-longsiphonophoressiphonophores can becangently besucked gently suckedinto individualinto individualcontainers,containers,and detritusand detritussamplers,samplers,into whichinto which the requiredthe requiredanimalanimalis broughtis broughtby delicateby delicatemaneuveringmaneuveringoftheofthe submersible.ofthe submersible.More More than 30thanspecies30 speciesofsiphonophoresofsiphonophoreswere identifiedwere identifiedfrom thesefromcollectionsthese collectionsand aboutand about half ofhalftheseofweretheseundescribed.were undescribed.AmongstAmongstthelatter the werelatterthree,were belongingthree, belongingto the to the calycophorancalycophoransub-familysub-familyPrayinae,Prayinae,which whichare describedare describedhere. Onehere.species One speciesclearlyclearly is attributableis attributableto the genusto the Prayolagenus PrayolaCarre, Carre,1969, while1969,the whileother the twoothershowtwochar- show char- .acters.actersthat arethatintermediateare intermediatebetweenbetweenthose foundthose foundin existingin existinggenerageneraand haveand have necessitatednecessitatedthe erectionthe erectionof twoofnewtwogenera, new genera,CraseoaCraseoaand Mistoprayina,and Mistoprayina,to en­ to en­ compasscompassthem. them. 68 68 PUGH AND HARBISON: NEW SPECIES OF PRAYINE SIPHONOPHORE 69 PUGH AND HARBISON: NEW SPECIES OF PRAYINE SIPHONOPHORE 69 CLASSIFICA nON CLASSIFICAnON Sub-order Calycophorae Leuckart, 1854 Sub-orderFamilyCalycophoraePrayidae K6lliker,Leuckart,18531854 Sub-familyFamily PrayidaePrayinaeK6lliker,Chun, 18531897 Sub-family Prayinae Chun, 1897 Craseoa new genus Craseoa new genus Diagnosis. - Prayine siphonophores with an apposed pair of cylindrical necto- Diagnosis.phores. The- Prayinesomatocystsiphonophoresis simple, withoutwith an eitherapposedan pairascendingof cylindricalor descendingnecto­ phores.branch. The lateralsomatocystradialiscanalssimple,on withoutthe smalleithernectosacan ascendingare S-shaped.or descendingThe bracts branch.are roundedThe andlateraldividedradialintocanalstwo onalmostthe smallequal nectosaclobes by aaredeepS-shaped.fissure. SixThebractealbracts arecanalsroundedare present.and dividedThe gonophoresinto two almostare equalasymmetriclobes byinashapedeep fissure.with wing-likeSix bractealex- canalspansions.are Thepresent.sub-umbrellaThe gonophorescavity isarerelativelyasymmetricsmall,inoccupyingshape withonlywing-likepart of ex­the pansions.lower halfTheof thesub-umbrellagonophore. cavityThe arrangementis relativelyofsmall,the twooccupyingmantle canalsonly partis slightlyof the lowerasymmetric.halfoftheSpecial,gonophore.asexualThenectophoresarrangementare absent.ofthe two mantle canals is slightly asymmetric. Special, asexual nectophores are absent. Type Species. - C. lathetica new species described herein. Type Species. - C. lathetica new species described herein. Etymology. - The generic name Craseoa can be derived from the Greek Kpauur, Etymology.KpaUEWU meaning- Theagenericblending,namereferringCraseoato thecanmixturebe derivedof prayinefrom thecharactersGreek Kpauur,found KpaUEWUin the specimens.meaning aItblending,is also anreferringanagramtooftheRosacea.mixture ofprayine characters found in the specimens. It is also an anagram ofRosacea. Remarks. - The outward appearance of the nectophores of C. lathetica. in that Remarks.they are cylindrical- The outwardand possessappearancerelativelyof thesmallnectophoresnectosacs,of C.is similarlathetica.to inthatthatin theythe speciesare cylindricalof two otherand prayinepossess genera,relativelyRosaceasmall andnectosacs,Desmophyes.is similarHowever,to thatthein theabsencespeciesof ofbothtwoanotherascendingprayineandgenera,descendingRosaceabranchand Desmophyes.to the simpleHowever,somatocyst,the absencetogether ofwithboththeanS-shapedascendingcourseand ofdescendingthe lateralbranchradial canalsto the onsimplethe nectosac,somatocyst,are togetherimportantwithmorphologicalthe S-shapedcharacterscourse of(seethe lateralTable radial1)and canalspreventonthetheinclusionnectosac,ofareC. importantlathetica inmorphologicaleither of thesecharactersgenera. Nonetheless,(see Table 1)theseandcharactersprevent theapplyinclusionalso tooftheC. latheticaspecies ofintheeithergenusofthesePrayola,genera.but Nonetheless,the shape of thesethe nectophore,characters applyand particularlyalso to the species of the genus Prayola, but the shape of the nectophore, and particularly Figure 1. Craseoa lathetica. Photographs of the living holotype specimen. A. Nectosome. Scale = 5