AUTHORS MEET CRITICS: REVIEWING CATCH THE FIRE: SOAKING PRAYER AND CHARISMATICRENEWAL BY MICHAEL WILKINSON & PETER ALTHOUSE (Northern Illinois University Press, 2014) DALE M. COULTER: In this fascinating work, Wilkinson and Alt- house argue that soaking prayer functions as a kind of cultural practice that renews individuals and institutions. More specifically, they claim that it is an interaction ritual that both reflects and inculcates a pattern of social interaction which, in turn, gives rise to a distinct culture. They support this thesis by analyzing soaking prayer in terms of a number of sociological models and unpacking how it fits the internal logic or common narrative frame of the charismatic ethos within which it is sit- uated. The merits of the thesis depend primarily upon the sociological models that Wilkinson and Althouse employ to analyze soaking prayer as a cultural practice. Rather than utilizing a single theoretical lens, this text employs a multiplicity of theoretical models to situate soaking pray- er. The text is heavy on theoretical models, moving through Pitirim So- rokin’s thought on altruism, Randall Collins’ Interaction Ritual (IR) theory, Victor Turner on pilgrimage and liminality, Max Weber on charismatic authority, and Robert Wuthnow on forgiveness as a cultural construct. In addition, the chapter on prayer and altruism offers more of a literature review of various sociological approaches to those topics and their limitations than an examination of soaking prayer itself. The use of so many theoretical models is both a strength and a weakness of the book. The strength of so many models is their collective capacity to explain the relationship between interior change and external behavior. Most of the time sociologists measure change in terms of external be- havior. It is extremely difficult to describe deepening levels of commit- ment without some sort of behavioral analysis like how often persons engage in practices such as prayer or church attendance. Henri Goor- en’s own conversion-career model attempts to do just that. With IR, Wilkinson and Althouse can translate religious lan- guage about the Father’s love into the language of emotional energy so Canadian Journal of Pentecostal-Charismatic Christianity 6 (2015): 1-21. 2 Canadian Journal of Pentecostal-Charismatic Christianity as to connect the internal experience with an external action. The use of emotional energy also allows them to fuse Collins’s IR theory nicely with Sorokin’s suggestion that ritual practices were the mechanisms by which exemplars of altruism received love and transmitted it to others. The interactions that sustain emotional energy over long periods are part of emotional regimes communicated in symbols and inculcated by rituals like soaking prayer. This is how a culture of love unfolds that so- cializes members into habits of forgiveness and facilitates ongoing insti- tutional renewal and action in the world. Thus, the discussion of rituals of renewal in chapter three sets the foundation for the renewal of mis- sion in chapter six. Chapter three is the most significant in terms of the application of sociological models to the practice of soaking prayer. While this use of sociological models exegetes soaking prayer as a kind of cultural practice, it also weakens their analysis in two ways. First, Wilkinson and Althouse do not always integrate the theoretical ideas they set forth, resulting in tensions between parts of their analysis. For example, in chapter two they provide a number of definitions of love (54-62). While most of these definitions are behavioral and deal with various kinds of actions that exemplify traits such as benevolence, some relate more to emotional states than actions (love as a kind of en- ergy). Still other ways they talk about love are in terms of its source (di- vine or human), object (friendship), or intensity (passionate desire/eros). They attempt to resolve these various ways of describing love through a typology of care-love, union-love, and appreciation-love, which focuses on the function (promotion of well-being, promotion of relational con- nection, and promotion of aesthetic value). This theoretical analysis of love stands in tension with the more simplified version in subsequent chapters where they utilize the typology to refer to the behavioral dimension and emotional energy to refer to the affective dimension. Moreover, it seems clear that CTF beliefs prior- itize love as an internal condition that must permeate all actions, oth- erwise they become “works” or mere ritualized performance (139, 157). Although it is not clear whether CTF thinks of love as an emotional disposition (a virtue) or simply an emotional reaction to teachings like forgiveness, what emerges is that soaking prayer concerns affective for- mation to facilitate the loving acts of mission. This signals a preference for interiority and intentionality. An action becomes loving once the emotional investment accompanies it, otherwise it is viewed as perfor- Catch the Fire: Soaking Prayer and Charismatic Renewal 3 mance or empty ritual devoid of the delight birthed out of pleasing the beloved. The analysis of love overly complicates the scheme they employ in a manner that obscures the priority of love as emotional energy over love as a caring, unitive, or appreciative behavior. Second, the focus on sociological models leaves little room for theological reflection and historical contextualization. The relatively brief attempt to situate soaking prayer within the historical framework of early-Pentecostal practices or the Charismatic renewal is not detailed enough to illuminate the practice. In one respect, it is an obvious ap- proach to take, yet it tends to distract from Wilkinson and Althouse’s important discoveries. Their analysis suggests three features of the CTF ethos: 1) the fusion of relational and therapeutic metaphors for salva- tion; 2) a turn toward interiority in which intentions matter more than action in the Christian life; and 3) a preference for symbolic and imagi- native modes of discourse. These themes point more toward the ‘heal- ing prayer’ approach of the Episcopalian Agnes Sandford and the Cath- olic Francis MacNutt than they do to Pentecostal practices of prayer that Wilkinson and Althouse identify (such as, being slain in the Spirit). Along with the constant refrain that soaking prayer is a form of con- templative prayer or meditation and the movement of inward, upward, and outward, such conclusions suggest on the surface the strong influ- ence of sacramental streams over revivalist ones. This requires further examination to illustrate the point. The movement of inward, upward, and outward is a standard pattern in Christian tradition going back to the patristic era. Inward and upward point toward the interrelationship between knowledge of the self and knowledge of God. One first enters the self and then ascends to God in the mind. The healing of the soul comes in the context of a dynamic between knowing God and knowing oneself, which is another way of describing how the ordering of desire (orthopathy) occurs in the midst of right worship (orthodoxy). This comes very close to the relationship between love, forgiveness, and physical healing in soaking prayer (81- 86). It is a way of prioritizing affective transformation so that healing of the soul precedes and gives rise to healing of the body. Such a view is another way to talk about the relationship between sanctification and physical healing one finds, particularly, in Wesleyan forms of Pentecos- talism. 4 Canadian Journal of Pentecostal-Charismatic Christianity The preference for symbolic and imaginative modes of discourse is evident in the descriptions of prophecy, visions, and other charis- matic phenomena. Throughout the text, Wilkinson and Altouse use phrases like mental impression, mental picture, and mental imaging (94- 102) to describe how divine communication occurs. This approach traf- fics in the use of symbols to convey meaning even to the point that an- imal noises become symbolic of divine activity. It also illumines how CTF thinks of impartation since adherents connect hearing God’s voice with the free association of ideas in the mind (87). The flow of emotion in the therapeutic and relational dimensions correspond to the flow of mental thoughts in the cognitive dimension. The use of the imagination to freely associate ideas and images for their symbolic value is central to CTF’s understanding of revelation. Taking into account the use of symbolic and imaginative modes of discourse reveals further continuity with early Pentecostalism. Early Pentecostals regularly engaged in allegorical interpretations of the text of scripture in light of their own spiritual experiences. This interpretive mode is always symbolic, focusing on the way authorial words and im- ages point beyond themselves to spiritual realities. It functions much like the symbolic mode that CTF employs. Moreover, while the mean- ing attached to glossalalia differs insofar as early Pentecostals saw it as the initial evidence of Spirit baptism, many early Pentecostals report their experiences in terms of the free association of ideas and images. C. H. Mason refers to the ecstatic moment as the wedlock with Christ while A. J. Tomlison mentally moves throughout the entire world, which convinces him of the need to engage in mission. As a non-verbal form of prayer, glossalalia does not entail the absence of mental activity, but the deeper stimulation of such activity. In this