Data Handout* for A Cross-Linguistic Survey of Associated Motion and Directionals Daniel Ross [email protected] / http://danielrosslinguist.com (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) International workshop on Associated Motion at the 12th Conference of the Association for Linguistic Typology (ALT 12), Australian National University, Canberra, Australia December 2017 http://www.dynamicsoflanguage.edu.au/alt-conference-2017/ © Daniel Ross 2017* *You are welcome to consult this data for your own research purposes. If you do so, please cite the conference presentation and if possible contact me to check for updates to the data or publications, as well as discussing your project. I also welcome collaboration. Additionally, I will be publishing an overview of this data, and I do not grant permission for others to publish a paper based entirely or primarily on this data without permission, nor that the data set be reproduced in full. Acceptable usage includes referring to the broad findings, including this data set along with your own for a comparative study as you would use http://wals.info/ (e.g., Associated Motion vs. word order cross-linguistically), or for the context and starting point for a study about an individual language or region. Additionally, this information is intended to be as accurate as possible at the time of writing (June 2017), but there may be errors. 1 INTRODUCTION This handout accompanies my presentation about the cross-linguistic distribution of Associated Motion and Directionals. Definitions: “Directional (DIR) morphemes describe an inherent path in an existing motion event, and Associated Motion (AM) morphemes add a motion sub- event (and usually path) to another predicate. To maintain consistency, the scope of this survey is only for grammaticalized, morphological AM and DIR systems.” (from abstract) The full conference abstract, including maps, can be found at the end of this handout. The handout has two sections: 1. Notes summarizing AM/DIR in each of the 325 languages in the survey. (p.3) 2. A reference chart summarizing the data to facilitate comparisons. (p.55) The summary for each language contains: • The language name (as given on WALS) • The WALS language code • The total number of AM/DIR morphemes in the language • A summary of all AM/DIR morphemes (top of the text box) • A list of AM/DIR morphemes and their properties. o Phonological transcriptions are not intended to be consistent or necessarily accurate, but only to facilitate identification in the original source; see sources for more information. o All morphological contrasts are listed, even when the contrast is not in the domain of AM/DIR (e.g., 2 AM suffixes differing by tense). • A rough sketch of the verb structure template, as context for AM/DIR morphemes. • The primary references consulted. A bibliography is given at the end. If you have questions/comments about the details for a particular language or in general, please contact me. 2 SECTION 1: Notes summarizing AM/DIR systems for each language in 325-language sample Abbreviations: AM: Associated Motion, DIR: directional; VENT: ventive, ITV: itive; PRIOR/PR: prior AM, CONC: concurrent AM, SUBSEQ: subsequent AM; MOT: motion; LOC: locational, ELEV: elevational; DIST: distal, PROX: proximal; SVC = serial verb construction (cf. Ross et al. 2015); p.c. = personal communication. Regarding the language sample, see Ross (2016a). I thank my co-authors from Ross et al. (2015) for their help identifying relevant data for the languages. These notes may have errors/inconsistencies and are based on available data. Please see the cited sources or contact the author if you have questions! LANGUAGE WALS # ASSOCIATED MOTION/DIRECTIONALS Abkhaz abk 4+ 4 DIR VENT/ITV/up/down, prefixes (‘preverbs’) (Hewitt 1979) aa-: VENT DIR na-: ITV DIR (‘towards hearer’ but in a general sense and can be a third person too) yºa-: upwards DIR la-: downwards DIR Additional: There are also ‘locational preverbs’, see Hewitt. Abun abu 0 -- (Berry & Berry 1999) Acehnese ace 0+ AM via compound serialization including itive ‘go [and]’ but available for all motion and posture (Durie 1985) verbs. Acoma aco 1 1 AM general MOT, suffix, PRIOR (Miller 1965; Maring 1967) -qeeY~: ‘go/come to’ purposive motion AM, suffix 3 verb structure: root-suffix Agarabi aga 0 -- (Goddard 1980) Ainu ain 0 -- (Refsing 1986; Bugaeva 2004) Alamblak ala 8+ 8 DIR elevationals in a paradigm based on elevation and direction toward/away, prefixes; plus 3 (Bruce 1984) LOC elevational suffixes; they can optionally co-occur; compound roots can express AM productively yari(m)-: VENT/flat ri(m)-: ITV/flat yua-: VENT/sloping-up u-: ITV/up më-: sloping-up unspecified mi-, yhë(m)-: sloping-down (sometimes VENT vs. ITV?) wa-: straight-down unspecified plus elevational/LOC suffixes: -i(t)o: on.flat -ko: up -we/he: down Additional: There are also two toward/away suffixes on the verb ‘move’ (for ‘go/come’), non-productive Productive compound serialization of roots including motion verbs as AM verb structure: ELEV-root-infl-agr-ELEV Alyawarra aly 1 AM ‘while moving’ suffix CONCURRENT; also compound aux ‘go’, ‘~return’ but with a ligature so (Yallop 1977) not fully grammaticalized and with some other meanings -iyna: AM ‘while moving suffix concurrent also compound aux incl. just four verbs, two are motion (‘go’, and ‘go away/return’), but a joining ligature suggests these are more like separate elements than inflection 4 verb structure: root-MOV-infl OR root-LIG-auxcmp-infl Ambae aml 3- 3 fossilized DIR suffixes on 3 verb roots, forming a 9-way paradigm (Lolovoli Northeast) vano: go across thither hage: go up thither hivo: go down thither (Hyslop 2001) vanai: come across hither hamai: come up hither himei: come down hither vanatu: go across to 2ndP hagatu: go up to 2ndP hivatu: go down to 2ndPerson verb structure: root-dir Amele ame 0 -- (Roberts 1987) Apurinã apu 2 2 unconventional AM/DIR suffixes, CONCURRENT (Facundes 2000; Pickering 1973; -poko: AM/DIR ‘do in a direction’, or distributive ‘do around’ Guillaume -ãpo: AM/DIR ‘aimlessly’, ‘around’ 2016) verb structure: agr-root-mov-infl Arabic aeg 0 -- (Gary & Gamal-Eldin 1982) (Egyptian) Araona ana 7+ 7+ DIR suffixes, of which at least 5 can be used as AM, including Pr-C-Subs and PRIOR+SUBSEQ (Pitman 1980; >not entirely certain all of these can be directionals but it seems like it Guillaume 2016) -ti: ITV AM or GO&RETURN AM = PRIOR+SUBSEQ? -jajo: ITV AM PRIOR or CONCURRENT -shana: ‘while moving’ AM, CONCURRENT (possibly ‘around moving’, slightly before/after?) -iña: VENT AM (upon arriving or after arriving), PRIOR -shao: COME&LEAVE.AGAIN AM, PRIOR+ SUBSEQ -hui: ‘indirect’ DIR(?) combining in multiple suffixes as: -huiqui (+ti): ‘indirectly elsewhere, outside’, indirect ITV AM -huiyajao (+jajo?): ‘indirectly elsewhere, towards [there?]’, indirect ITV DIR? -huiatsoa (+?): ‘indirectly upwards’ DIR only? Additional: There are also some manner affixes like ‘quickly’ but not directly part of the AM system 5 verb structure: root-dir-infl Arapesh arp 3 3 DIR including 2 AM suffixes, all SUBSEQ only, absolutive alignment for one; itive, ventive, other (Mountain) (Conrad & -u: ITIVE; only DIR; Wogiga 1991) -(l)i: VENT [speaker]; DIR and AM; SUBSEQ -úk: ‘permanent’: intrans.subj or trans.patient (not-in-control) remains elsewhere, trans.agent leaving – a ‘leaving’ AM marker > Absolutive (no case marking in the language so it is ‘neutral’ according to WALS ch.98); also SUBSEQ verb structure: subj-mood-obj1-root-obj2-ben-motion Arawak ara 2 2 DIR VENT/ITV, suffixes (Pet 1987) -ba: ITV DIR -the: VENT DIR >they can co-occur, -ba-the: ‘away and back’ (but apparently not ‘come and leave’) verb structure: agr-root-…-dir-… Arop-Lokep alk 0 -- (D’Jernes 2002) Arrernte amp 15- 15 AM suffixes, varying by direction, directedness, returningness, moving argument, etc. (Mparntwe) >Is direction really contrastive, or is it conflated with sequence, or irrelevant? (Wilkins 1989, >Further morphemic analysis might mean some of these modifiers could be considered to be 1991, 2006) separate (separable) from the AM system per se. CONCURRENT AM (8): Directed Deictic: -intye: ‘do coming’ = CONC, directed, VENT[?] -inty.alpe: ‘do coming back’ = CONC, directed, VENT[?], return -intye.lhe: ‘do coming through’ = CONC, directed, VENT[?], non-telic? -irtne: ‘reversive, do going back, or do back to’ = CONC, directed, ITV[?], return Oriented: -nhe: ‘do past’, CONC, oriented -ty.antye: ‘do upwards’, CONC, oriented, UP 6 -ty.akerle: ‘do downwards’, CONC, oriented, DOWN -artn.akerl: ‘do downwards’, CONC, oriented, DOWN PRIOR AM: -ty.alhe: ‘go&do’ ITV PRIOR -ty.alpe: ‘goback &do’ ITV PRIOR, return SUBSEQ AM: -rl.alhe: ‘do&go’ ITV SUBSEQ -artn.alhe: ‘quickly do&go’ ITV SUBSEQ, fast -rl.alpe: ‘do&goback’ ITV SUBSEQ, return -artn.alpe: ‘quickly do&goback’ ITV SUBSEQ, return, fast OTHER AM: -ty.intye: “do on Y’s arrival’ = non-subject AM PRIOR Some of these morphemes seem segmentable: -alpe ‘back’? verb structure: root-AM-infl Asmat asm 1 1 AM, PRIOR ITV; limited lexical combinations (Voorhoeve 1965) formative em/om-: ITV AM; combines with only a few postional verbs; also can mean inchoative (‘sit’ > ‘sit down’ etc., as well as ‘go and sit’); PRIOR (root compounding also possible including AM-related meanings; unclear if it is systematic) verb structure: ROOT(-allomorphs)-formatives-rest Babungo bab 0 -- (Schaub 1985) Badimaya bdm 0 -- (Dunn 1988) Bagirmi bag 0 -- (Stevenson 1969) Baka (in bak 0 -- (Kilian-Hatz 1995) Cameroon) Bali-Vitu bvi 0 -- (Ross 2002a;