WALTER WARNER (CA. 1557-1643) AND HIS NOTES ON ANIMAL ORGANISMS WALTER WARNER (ca.1557-1643) AND HIS NOTES ON ANIMAL ORGANISMS WALTER WARNER (ca. 1557-1643) EN ZIJN AANTEKENINGEN OVER DIERLIJKE ORGANISMEN (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. J. A. van Ginkel, in gevolge het besluit van het College van Dekanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 23 oktober 1992 te 12.45 uur door Johannes Lambertus Maria Prins geboren op 11 december 1949 te Hillegom Utrecht 1992 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mag. K. J. Schuhmann © Jan Prins, 1992 ISBN 90-393-0443-2 To F. M. B. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................…..x Abbreviations--Notice .....................................................................................................…..xi General Introduction........................................................................................................…..xii 1. Warner’s Life and Legacy............................................................................................…..1 1.1. Fragments of a Biography...................................................................................1 1.2. The Literary Remains..........................................................................................17 1.2.1. From Warner to the British Library .....................................................17 1.2.2. The Contents of the Papers ..................................................................19 1.2.3. The Authorship and Dating of the Papers............................................25 1.2.4. The Investigation of Warner’s Papers..................................................33 1.3. The Theme of this Study.....................................................................................54 2. The Notes on Animal Organisms ................................................................................…..58 2.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................58 2.2. Physiology...........................................................................................................61 2.3. Psychology..........................................................................................................64 2.4. Traditionalism and Originality............................................................................65 2.5. Nature and Reason..............................................................................................79 2.6. Mechanicism and Hylozoism..............................................................................83 3. The Doctrine of the Spirit and its Faculties.................................................................…..88 The Spirit ...................................................................................................................88 3.1. History and Sources ............................................................................................88 3.2. Parts and Materials..............................................................................................97 3.3. Matter and Force.................................................................................................100 3.4. The Animal Spirit ...............................................................................................109 The Faculties..............................................................................................................118 3.5. Introduction.........................................................................................................118 3.6. Forms, Faculties and Operations.........................................................................118 3.7. The Acquisition or Habituation of the Faculties.................................................126 3.8. Steps towards Materialism and Mechanicism ....................................................129 4. Sensation, Imagination and Memory...........................................................................…..135 4.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................135 4.2. Reception ............................................................................................................139 4.3. Retention and Representation .............................................................................144 4.4. Pain and Pleasure................................................................................................154 table of contents . viii 4.5. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................158 5. Reason, Joy and Sorrow ..............................................................................................…..160 5.1. Apprehension, Comparison and Judgement .......................................................160 5.2. The Active and the Passive Intellect...................................................................164 5.3. The Process of Syllogization ..............................................................................168 5.4. The Acquisition of the Notions of Good and Evil..............................................172 5.5. Joy and Sorrow ...................................................................................................179 5.6. The Theoretical and the Practical Intellect .........................................................184 5.7. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................186 6. Appetite, Hope and Fear..............................................................................................…..188 6.1. The Nature of the Appetite .................................................................................188 6.2. The Habituation of the Appetite .........................................................................193 6.3. Hope and Fear.....................................................................................................198 6.4. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................202 7. The Will or the Informed Appetite ..............................................................................…..204 7.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................204 7.2. The Differences between Appetite and Will.......................................................205 7.3. The Nature and Kinds of the Will.......................................................................206 7.4. The ‘Subject’ of the Will ....................................................................................209 7.5. The Activation of the Will..................................................................................210 7.6. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................214 8. Voluntary Motion ........................................................................................................…..215 8.1. Aristotle, Galen and Descartes............................................................................215 8.2. The ‘Faculty Motive’ ..........................................................................................220 8.3. The Physiological Cause of Locomotion............................................................224 8.4. The Psychological Cause of Locomotion ...........................................................228 8.5. The Habituation of the Locomotive Faculty.......................................................232 8.6. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................234 9. Hobbes and Warner .....................................................................................................…..236 9.1. Introduction.........................................................................................................236 9.2. Similarities and Differences................................................................................250 9.3. The Faculties of the Body...................................................................................253 9.4. The Faculties of the Mind...................................................................................255 9.4.1. Sensory Perception...............................................................................255 9.4.2. Pain and Pleasure .................................................................................261 9.4.3. Good and Evil ......................................................................................262 9.4.4. Imagination and Memory.....................................................................262 9.4.5. Joy and Sorrow.....................................................................................263 9.4.6. Appetite and Will.................................................................................263 9.4.7. Understanding and Reason...................................................................265 9.4.8. Voluntary Motion.................................................................................267 table of contents . viii 9.5. Hobbes’ Debt to Warner.....................................................................................270