1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page i ISLAMIC NARRATIVE AND AUTHORITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page ii CONTEMPORARY ANTHROPOLOGY OF RELIGION A series published with the Society for the Anthropology of Religion Robert Hefner, Series Editor Boston University Published by Palgrave Macmillan Body / Meaning / Healing By Thomas J. Csordas The Weight of the Past: Living with History in Mahajanga, Madagascar By Michael Lambek After the Rescue: Jewish Identity and Community in Contemporary Denmark By Andrew Buckser Empowering the Past, Confronting the Future By Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart Islam Obscured: The Rhetoric of Anthropological Representation By Daniel Martin Varisco Islam, Memory, and Morality in Yemen: Ruling Families in Transition By Gabrielle Vom Bruck A Peaceful Jihad: Negotiating Identity and Modernity in Muslim Java By Ronald Lukens-Bull The Road to Clarity: Seventh-Day Adventism in Madagascar By Eva Keller Yoruba in Diaspora: An African Church in London By Hermione Harris Islamic Narrative and Authority in Southeast Asia: From the 16th to the 21st Century By Thomas Gibson 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page iii Islamic Narrative and Authority in Southeast Asia From the 16th to the 21st Century Thomas Gibson 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page iv ISLAMIC NARRATIVE AND AUTHORITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA © Thomas Gibson, 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–7983–4 ISBN-10: 1–4039–7983–9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gibson, Thomas, 1956– Islamic narrative and authority in Southeast Asia : from the 16th to the 21st century / by Thomas Gibson. p. cm.—(Contemporary anthropology of religion) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–7983–9 (alk. paper) 1. Islam—Indonesia–Sulawesi Selatan—History. 2. Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia)—Religion. 3. Sulawesi Selatan (Indonesia)—Social life and customs. 4. Islam and culture—Indonesia—Sulawesi Selatan. 5. Ethnology—Indonesia—Sulawesi Selatan. I. Title. BP63.152S825 2007 297.09598—dc22 2007061159 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: June 2007 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America. 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page v Contents List of Maps and Figures vii Acknowledgments ix A Note on Makassar Names xi Chapter 1 Introduction: Symbolic Knowledge and Authority in Complex Societies 1 Chapter 2 The Ruler as Perfect Man in Southeast Asia, 1500–1667 27 Chapter 3 Cosmopolitan Islam in South Sulawesi, 1640–1705 55 Chapter 4 Islamic Martyrdom and the Great Lord of the VOC, 1705–1988 85 Chapter 5 Popular Mysticism and the Colonial State, 1811–1936 111 Chapter 6 Cosmopolitan Piety and the Late Colonial State, 1850–1950 137 Chapter 7 Revolutionary Islam and the Nation-State, 1900–1965 161 Chapter 8 Official Islam and the Developmental State, 1965–2004 183 Chapter 9 Conclusion: Narrative, Ritual, and Models of the Self 207 References 221 Index 235 This page intentionally left blank 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page vii List of Maps and Figures Maps South Sulawesi in Relation to the Indian Ocean xii 2.1 South Sulawesi Kingdoms, 1605 51 3.1 The Travels of Shaikh Yusuf, 1644–1705 70 4.1 The World of Datu Museng 97 6.1 The Regencies of Bira and Kajang, 1874–1920 141 Figures 2.1 The Kings of Gowa and Tallo’, 1450–1639 44 3.1 Spiritual and Dynastic Genealogies, 1500–1700 58 3.2 The Shattari Silsila of Bira 61 3.3 The Qadiri Silsila of Bira 62 4.1 Royal Alliances, 1654–1812 93 5.1 The Merging of Gowa and Bone, 1672–1812 114 5.2 Middle Eastern Influences on South Sulawesi, 1650–1850 119 5.3 Gallarrang and Kali in Ara, 1780–2000 126 6.1 The Cults of Bakka’ Tera’ and Karaeng Mamampang 146 This page intentionally left blank 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page ix Acknowledgments The local scholar to whom I owe the largest debt by far was my host and mentor, Haji Abdul Hakim Daeng Paca. Among the many others who volunteered their time to instruct me in the finer points of Islam in South Sulawesi were Hama Daeng La’ju and Palippui Daeng Puga, masters of the arcane sciences (ilmu); Sirajang Daeng Munira, Alimuddin Daeng Mappi, and Muhammad Yakub Daeng Jagong, Imams of Ara; Muhamad Idris Daeng Buru’ne, Imam of Bira; Abdul Hamid Daeng Maming, former head of the Department of Education and Culture for Bonto Bahari; Daeng Pasau and Haji Mustari, Kepala Desa of Ara; Daeng Sibaji Daeng Puga and Muhammad Nasir Daeng Puga, reciters of Sinrili’ Datu Museng; and Muhammad Idris Radatung Daeng Sarika, schoolteacher, master musician and former Darul Islam militant. I also owe a deep debt of gratitude to Rusnani Babo and Drs. Aminuddin Bakry, my hosts in Ujung Pandang. Dr. Abu Hamid, Professor of Anthropology at Hasanuddin University, provided me access to his seminar at the University and to the Indonesian academic community more generally. My understanding of the way Islam has interacted with Austronesian symbolic systems has benefited from discussions with many fellow students of the area, including Benedict Anderson, Lanfranco Blanchetti-Revelli, Maurice Bloch, John Bowen, David Bulbeck, Ian Caldwell, Michael Feener, Ken George, Gilbert Hamonic, Robert Hefner, Michael Laffan, Michael Lambek, Ronald Lukens-Bull, Jennifer Nourse, Michael Peletz, Christian Pelras, James Siegel, Heather Sutherland, and Mark Woodward. My first two visits to South Sulawesi in 1988 and 1989 were financed by a grant from the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation. The preliminary analysis of my findings in 1989 was financed by a Visiting Fellowship in the Comparative Austronesian Project of the Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University. Historical research in the Netherlands 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page x x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS was supported in 1994 by a Senior Scholar award from the Fulbright Commission for lecturing-research in the Research Centre Religion and Society, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Further research and analysis was supported by the Southeast Asia Program at Cornell University, during a semester I spent as a Visiting Associate Professor in 1997 and during a year I spent as a Visiting Fellow in 2000–2001. 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-07 06:34 PM Page xi A Note on Makassar Names In South Sulawesi, most people have several names. Everyone has a proper name acquired at birth. Nobles later acquire a title name composed of an honorific like Andi’, Daeng, or Karaeng followed either by another given name or by the name of a territory. Particularly devout individuals often prefer to use the Arabic name they are given when they are circumcised instead of their Makassar or Bugis name. The situation for high-ranking nobles is even more com- plex. They receive a birth name, a noble name, a series of territorial titles, and, in the case of the rulers of large kingdoms and empires, the title of Sultan followed by the name of a prophet like Ismail or by the phrase “servant of [one of God’s attributes],” and a posthumous nickname. Thus the ruler of Tallo’ who converted to Islam was I Malinkaeng Daeng Mannyonri Karaeng Kanjilo Karaeng Segeri Karaeng Matoaya Sultan Abdullah Awwal al-Islam Tumenanga ri Agamana, or I Malinkaeng Daeng Mannyonri, Lord of Kanjilo, Lord of Segeri, The Senior Lord, the Sultan Who Serves God, the First in Islam, He Who Sleeps in the Religion. For the sake of brevity, I have tried to use just one of each individual’s names throughout the book. 1403979839ts01.qxd 10-3-0706:34PMPagexii xii CASPIAN Turkmenistan Tajikistan Turkey SEA South n Korea Japan Syria ista Iraq Iran han China an fg Jord A 30º Kuwait N akistan epa P l Bhutan Qatar Bangla- Saudi UAE desh Taiwan Arabia India Burma La an os 20º n m a O d Phi Su Er itr n l e e Thailand i a em p Y p Cambodia m ines a Djibouti n et Vi 10º Ethiopia Sri Lanka Brunei M a l a y s i a Somalia Kenya 0º South ia I N D I A N O C E A N Sulawesi Ara zan an East T Timor 10º e I n d o n e s i a u iq b m a r z o M 20º Madagasca Australia 30º 40º 50º 60º 70º 80º 90º 100º 110º 120º 130º South Sulawesi in Relation to the Indian Ocean 1403979839ts02.qxd 10-3-07 06:38 PM Page 1 Chapter 1 Introduction: Symbolic Knowledge and Authority in Complex Societies This book is about the complex societies of Island Southeast Asia that converted to Islam between about 1300 and 1600 CE. For the most part, the members of these societies employ technologies, speak languages, perform rituals, and recount narratives that derive from a common Austronesian heritage. In a previous book, I explained how these shared forms of knowledge led to the development of a regional political economy in which a series of coastal kingdoms were loosely integrated through the long-distance exchange of material goods, royal spouses, and symbolic knowledge (Gibson 2005).